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  <title>CSS Transforms Module Level 1</title>
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  <meta content="CSS transforms allows elements styled with CSS to be transformed in two-dimensional space. This specification is the convergence of the <a href=&quot;https://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-css3-2d-transforms-20090320/&quot;>CSS 2D Transforms</a> and <a href=&quot;https://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-SVG-Transforms-20090320/&quot;>SVG transforms</a> specifications." name="abstract">
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 <body class="h-entry">
  <div class="head">
   <p data-fill-with="logo"><a class="logo" href="https://www.w3.org/"> <img alt="W3C" height="48" src="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2016/logos/W3C" width="72"> </a> </p>
   <h1 class="p-name no-ref" id="title">CSS Transforms Module Level 1</h1>
   <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="subtitle"><span class="content">Editor’s Draft, <time class="dt-updated" datetime="1970-01-01">1 January 1970</time></span></h2>
   <details>
    <summary>Specification Metadata</summary>
    <div data-fill-with="spec-metadata">
     <dl>
      <dt>This version:
      <dd><a class="u-url" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-transforms/">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-transforms/</a>
      <dt>Latest published version:
      <dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-transforms-1/">https://www.w3.org/TR/css-transforms-1/</a>
      <dt>Previous Versions:
      <dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2019/CR-css-transforms-1-20190214/" rel="prev">https://www.w3.org/TR/2019/CR-css-transforms-1-20190214/</a>
      <dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/WD-css-transforms-1-20181130/" rel="prev">https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/WD-css-transforms-1-20181130/</a>
      <dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-css-transforms-1-20171130/" rel="prev">https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-css-transforms-1-20171130/</a>
      <dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-css-transforms-1-20131126/" rel="prev">https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-css-transforms-1-20131126/</a>
      <dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-transforms-20120911/" rel="prev">https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-transforms-20120911/</a>
      <dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-transforms-20120403/" rel="prev">https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-transforms-20120403/</a>
      <dt>Test Suite:
      <dd><a href="http://test.csswg.org/suites/css-transforms-1_dev/nightly-unstable/">http://test.csswg.org/suites/css-transforms-1_dev/nightly-unstable/</a>
      <dt class="editor">Editors:
      <dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard" data-editor-id="44066"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:simon.fraser@apple.com">Simon Fraser</a> (<a class="p-org org" href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Inc</a>)
      <dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard" data-editor-id="42080"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:dino@apple.com">Dean Jackson</a> (<a class="p-org org" href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Inc</a>)
      <dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard" data-editor-id="40614"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:eoconnor@apple.com">Theresa O'Connor</a> (<a class="p-org org" href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Inc</a>)
      <dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard" data-editor-id="51803"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:dschulze@adobe.com">Dirk Schulze</a> (<a class="p-org org" href="http://www.adobe.com/">Adobe Inc</a>)
      <dt class="editor">Former Editors:
      <dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:hyatt@apple.com">David Hyatt</a> (<a class="p-org org" href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Inc</a>)
      <dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:cmarrin@apple.com">Chris Marrin</a> (<a class="p-org org" href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Inc</a>)
      <dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:ayg@aryeh.name">Aryeh Gregor</a> (<a class="p-org org" href="http://www.mozilla.org/">Mozilla</a>)
      <dt>Suggest an Edit for this Spec:
      <dd><a href="https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/blob/master/css-transforms-1/Overview.bs">GitHub Editor</a>
      <dt>Issue Tracking:
      <dd><a href="https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/labels/css-transforms-1">GitHub Issues</a>
     </dl>
    </div>
   </details>
   <div data-fill-with="warning"></div>
   <p class="copyright" data-fill-with="copyright"><a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> © 1970 <a href="https://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup> (<a href="https://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>, <a href="https://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>, <a href="https://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>, <a href="https://ev.buaa.edu.cn/">Beihang</a>). W3C <a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>, <a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and <a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document">permissive document license</a> rules apply. </p>
   <hr title="Separator for header">
  </div>
  <div class="p-summary" data-fill-with="abstract">
   <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="abstract"><span class="content">Abstract</span></h2>
   <p>CSS transforms allows elements styled with CSS to be transformed in two-dimensional space. This specification is the convergence of the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-css3-2d-transforms-20090320/">CSS 2D Transforms</a> and <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-SVG-Transforms-20090320/">SVG transforms</a> specifications.</p>
    <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/">CSS</a> is a language for describing the rendering of structured documents
(such as HTML and XML)
on screen, on paper, etc. 
  </div>
  <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="status"><span class="content">Status of this document</span></h2>
  <div data-fill-with="status">
   <p> This is a public copy of the editors’ draft.
	It is provided for discussion only and may change at any moment.
	Its publication here does not imply endorsement of its contents by W3C.
	Don’t cite this document other than as work in progress. </p>
   <p> <a href="https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/issues">GitHub Issues</a> are preferred for discussion of this specification.
	When filing an issue, please put the text “css-transforms” in the title,
	preferably like this:
	“[css-transforms] <i data-lt>…summary of comment…</i>”.
	All issues and comments are <a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-css-archive/">archived</a>,
	and there is also a <a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">historical archive</a>. </p>
   <p> This document was produced by the <a href="https://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/">CSS Working Group</a>. </p>
   <p> This document was produced by a group operating under
	the <a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/">W3C Patent Policy</a>.
	W3C maintains a <a href="https://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32061/status" rel="disclosure">public list of any patent disclosures</a> made in connection with the deliverables of the group;
	that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent.
	An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#def-essential">Essential Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#sec-Disclosure">section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>. </p>
   <p> This document is governed by the <a href="https://www.w3.org/2019/Process-20190301/" id="w3c_process_revision">1 March 2019 W3C Process Document</a>. </p>
   <p></p>
  </div>
  <div data-fill-with="at-risk"></div>
  <nav data-fill-with="table-of-contents" id="toc">
   <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref" id="contents">Table of Contents</h2>
   <ol class="toc" role="directory">
    <li>
     <a href="#intro"><span class="secno">1</span> <span class="content">Introduction</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#module-interactions"><span class="secno">1.1</span> <span class="content">Module Interactions</span></a>
      <li><a href="#css-values"><span class="secno">1.2</span> <span class="content">CSS Values</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#terminology"><span class="secno">2</span> <span class="content">Terminology</span></a>
    <li><a href="#transform-rendering"><span class="secno">3</span> <span class="content">The Transform Rendering Model</span></a>
    <li>
     <a href="#transform-property"><span class="secno">4</span> <span class="content">The <span class="property">transform</span> Property</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#serialization-of-transform-functions"><span class="secno">4.1</span> <span class="content">Serialization of <span class="production">&lt;transform-function></span>s</span></a>
      <li><a href="#serialization-of-the-computed-value"><span class="secno">4.2</span> <span class="content">Serialization of the computed value of <span class="production">&lt;transform-list></span></span></a>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#transform-origin-property"><span class="secno">5</span> <span class="content">The <span class="property">transform-origin</span> Property</span></a>
    <li><a href="#transform-box"><span class="secno">6</span> <span class="content">Transform reference box: the <span class="property">transform-box</span> property</span></a>
    <li>
     <a href="#svg-transform"><span class="secno">7</span> <span class="content">The SVG <span>transform</span> Attribute</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#transform-attribute-specificity"><span class="secno">7.1</span> <span class="content">SVG presentation attributes</span></a>
      <li><a href="#svg-syntax"><span class="secno">7.2</span> <span class="content">Syntax of the SVG <span>transform</span> attribute</span></a>
      <li><a href="#svg-transform-functions"><span class="secno">7.3</span> <span class="content">SVG transform functions</span></a>
      <li><a href="#svg-user-coordinate-space"><span class="secno">7.4</span> <span class="content">User coordinate space</span></a>
      <li><a href="#transform-attribute-dom"><span class="secno">7.5</span> <span class="content">SVG DOM interface for the <span>transform</span> attribute</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li>
     <a href="#transform-functions"><span class="secno">8</span> <span class="content">The Transform Functions</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#two-d-transform-functions"><span class="secno">8.1</span> <span class="content">2D Transform Functions</span></a>
      <li><a href="#transform-primitives"><span class="secno">8.2</span> <span class="content">Transform function primitives and derivatives</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#transform-function-lists"><span class="secno">9</span> <span class="content">The Transform Function Lists</span></a>
    <li><a href="#interpolation-of-transforms"><span class="secno">10</span> <span class="content">Interpolation of Transforms</span></a>
    <li><a href="#interpolation-of-transform-functions"><span class="secno">11</span> <span class="content">Interpolation of primitives and derived transform functions</span></a>
    <li>
     <a href="#matrix-interpolation"><span class="secno">12</span> <span class="content">Interpolation of Matrices</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#supporting-functions"><span class="secno">12.1</span> <span class="content">Supporting functions</span></a>
      <li>
       <a href="#interpolation-of-2d-matrices"><span class="secno">12.2</span> <span class="content">Interpolation of 2D matrices</span></a>
       <ol class="toc">
        <li><a href="#decomposing-a-2d-matrix"><span class="secno">12.2.1</span> <span class="content">Decomposing a 2D matrix</span></a>
        <li><a href="#interpolation-of-decomposed-2d-matrix-values"><span class="secno">12.2.2</span> <span class="content"> Interpolation of decomposed 2D matrix values </span></a>
        <li><a href="#recomposing-to-a-2d-matrix"><span class="secno">12.2.3</span> <span class="content">Recomposing to a 2D matrix</span></a>
       </ol>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#mathematical-description"><span class="secno">13</span> <span class="content">Mathematical Description of Transform Functions</span></a>
    <li><a href="#priv-sec"><span class="secno">14</span> <span class="content">Privacy and Security Considerations</span></a>
    <li>
     <a href="#changes"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Changes</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#CR20190214"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Since the <span>14 February 2019 Candidate Recommendation</span></span></a>
      <li><a href="#WD20181130"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Since the <span>30 November 2018 Working Draft</span></span></a>
      <li><a href="#WD20171130"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Since the <span>30 November 2017 Working Draft</span> </span></a>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#acknowledgments"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Acknowledgments</span></a>
    <li>
     <a href="#conformance"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Conformance</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#document-conventions"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Document conventions</span></a>
      <li><a href="#conform-classes"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Conformance classes</span></a>
      <li>
       <a href="#conform-responsible"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Requirements for Responsible Implementation of CSS</span></a>
       <ol class="toc">
        <li><a href="#conform-partial"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Partial Implementations</span></a>
        <li><a href="#conform-future-proofing"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Implementations of Unstable and Proprietary Features</span></a>
        <li><a href="#conform-testing"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Implementations of CR-level Features</span></a>
       </ol>
     </ol>
    <li>
     <a href="#index"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Index</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#index-defined-here"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Terms defined by this specification</span></a>
      <li><a href="#index-defined-elsewhere"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Terms defined by reference</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li>
     <a href="#references"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">References</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#normative"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Normative References</span></a>
      <li><a href="#informative"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Informative References</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#property-index"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Property Index</span></a>
   </ol>
  </nav>
  <main>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="1" id="intro"><span class="secno">1. </span><span class="content">Introduction</span><a class="self-link" href="#intro"></a></h2>
   <p><em>This section is not normative.</em></p>
   <p>The CSS <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html">visual formatting model</a> describes a coordinate system within each element is positioned. Positions and sizes in this coordinate space can be thought of as being expressed in pixels, starting in the origin of point with positive values proceeding to the right and down.</p>
   <p>This coordinate space can be modified with the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform">transform</a> property. Using transform, elements can be translated, rotated and scaled.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.1" id="module-interactions"><span class="secno">1.1. </span><span class="content">Module Interactions</span><a class="self-link" href="#module-interactions"></a></h3>
   <p>This module defines a set of CSS properties that affect the visual rendering of elements to which those properties are applied; these effects are applied after elements have been sized and positioned according to the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html">visual formatting model</a> from <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css2">[CSS2]</a>. Some values of these properties result in the creation of a <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html#containing-block">containing block</a>, and/or the creation of a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-position-3/#stacking-context" id="ref-for-stacking-context">stacking context</a>.</p>
   <p>Transforms affect the rendering of backgrounds on elements with a value of <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#valdef-background-attachment-fixed" id="ref-for-valdef-background-attachment-fixed">fixed</a> for the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#propdef-background-attachment" id="ref-for-propdef-background-attachment">background-attachment</a> property, which is specified in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css3bg">[CSS3BG]</a>.</p>
   <p>Transforms affect the client rectangles returned by the Element Interface Extensions <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-view/#dom-element-getclientrects">getClientRects()</a> and <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-view/#dom-element-getboundingclientrect">getBoundingClientRect()</a>, which are specified in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-cssom-view">[CSSOM-VIEW]</a>.</p>
   <p>Transforms affect the computation of the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-overflow-3/#scrollable-overflow-region">scrollable overflow region</a> as described by <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css-overflow-3">[CSS-OVERFLOW-3]</a>.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.2" id="css-values"><span class="secno">1.2. </span><span class="content">CSS Values</span><a class="self-link" href="#css-values"></a></h3>
   <p>This specification follows the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/about.html#property-defs">CSS property definition conventions</a> from <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css2">[CSS2]</a>.
Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Values &amp; Units <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css-values-3">[CSS-VALUES-3]</a>.
Other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types.</p>
   <p>In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions,
all properties defined in this specification
also accept the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#css-wide-keywords" id="ref-for-css-wide-keywords">CSS-wide keywords</a> keywords as their property value.
For readability they have not been repeated explicitly.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="2" id="terminology"><span class="secno">2. </span><span class="content">Terminology</span><a class="self-link" href="#terminology"></a></h2>
   <p>When used in this specification, terms have the meanings assigned in this section.</p>
   <div>
    <dl>
     <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="transformable-element">transformable element</dfn>
     <dd data-md>
      <p>A transformable element is an element in one of these categories:</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>all elements whose layout is governed by the CSS box model except for non-replaced inline boxes, table-column boxes, and table-column-group boxes <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css2">[CSS2]</a>,</p>
       <li data-md>
        <p>all SVG <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/painting.html#TermPaintServerElement" id="ref-for-TermPaintServerElement">paint server elements</a>, the <a data-link-type="element" href="https://drafts.fxtf.org/css-masking-1/#elementdef-clippath" id="ref-for-elementdef-clippath">clipPath</a> element and SVG <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/render.html#TermRenderableElement" id="ref-for-TermRenderableElement">renderable elements</a> with the exception of any descendant element of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/text.html#TermTextContentElement" id="ref-for-TermTextContentElement">text content elements</a> <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-svg2">[SVG2]</a>.</p>
      </ul>
     <dt data-md><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="transformed-element">transformed element<a class="self-link" href="#transformed-element"></a></dfn>
     <dd data-md>
      <p>An element with a computed value other than <span class="css">none</span> for the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform①">transform</a> property.</p>
     <dt data-md><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="user-coordinate-system">user coordinate system<a class="self-link" href="#user-coordinate-system"></a></dfn>
     <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="local-coordinate-system">local coordinate system</dfn>
     <dd data-md>
      <p>In general, a coordinate system defines locations and distances on the current canvas. The current local coordinate system (also user coordinate system) is the coordinate system that is currently active and which is used to define how coordinates and lengths are located and computed, respectively, on the current canvas.
The current user coordinate system has its origin at the top-left of a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#reference-box" id="ref-for-reference-box">reference box</a> specified by the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-box" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-box">transform-box</a> property. Percentage values are relative to the dimension of this reference box. One unit equals one CSS pixel.</p>
     <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="transformation-matrix">transformation matrix</dfn>
     <dd data-md>
      <p>A matrix that defines the mathematical mapping from one coordinate system into another. It is computed from the values of the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform②">transform</a> and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin">transform-origin</a> properties as described <a href="#transformation-matrix-computation">below</a>.</p>
     <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="current-transformation-matrix">current transformation matrix</dfn> (CTM)
     <dd data-md>
      <p>A matrix that defines the mapping from the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#local-coordinate-system" id="ref-for-local-coordinate-system">local coordinate system</a> into the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/coords.html#TermViewportCoordinateSystem" id="ref-for-TermViewportCoordinateSystem">viewport coordinate system</a>.</p>
     <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="2d-matrix">2D matrix</dfn>
     <dd data-md>
      <p>A 3x2 transformation matrix, or a 4x4 matrix where the items m<sub>31</sub>, m<sub>32</sub>, m<sub>13</sub>, m<sub>23</sub>, m<sub>43</sub>, m<sub>14</sub>, m<sub>24</sub>, m<sub>34</sub> are equal to <span class="css">0</span> and m<sub>33</sub>, m<sub>44</sub> are equal to <span class="css">1</span>.</p>
     <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="identity-transform-function">identity transform function</dfn>
     <dd data-md>
      <p>A <a href="#transform-functions">transform function</a> that is equivalent to a identity 4x4 matrix (see <a href="#mathematical-description">Mathematical Description of Transform Functions</a>). Examples for identity transform functions are <span class="css">translate(0)</span>, <span class="css">translateX(0)</span>, <span class="css">translateY(0)</span>, <span class="css">scale(1)</span>, <span class="css">scaleX(1)</span>, <span class="css">scaleY(1)</span>, <span class="css">rotate(0)</span>, <span class="css">skew(0, 0)</span>, <span class="css">skewX(0)</span>, <span class="css">skewY(0)</span> and <span class="css">matrix(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)</span>.</p>
     <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="post-multiply">post-multiply</dfn>
     <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="post-multiplied">post-multiplied</dfn>
     <dd data-md>
      <p>Term <var>A</var> post-multiplied by term <var>B</var> is equal to <var>A</var> · <var>B</var>.</p>
     <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="pre-multiply">pre-multiply</dfn>
     <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="pre-multiplied">pre-multiplied</dfn>
     <dd data-md>
      <p>Term <var>A</var> pre-multiplied by term <var>B</var> is equal to <var>B</var> · <var>A</var>.</p>
     <dt data-md><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="multiply">multiply<a class="self-link" href="#multiply"></a></dfn>
     <dd data-md>
      <p>Multiply term <var>A</var> by term <var>B</var> is equal to <var>A</var> · <var>B</var>.</p>
    </dl>
   </div>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="3" id="transform-rendering"><span class="secno">3. </span><span class="content">The Transform Rendering Model</span><a class="self-link" href="#transform-rendering"></a></h2>
   <p><em>This section is normative.</em></p>
   <p>Specifying a value other than <span class="css">none</span> for the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform③">transform</a> property establishes a new <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#local-coordinate-system" id="ref-for-local-coordinate-system①">local coordinate system</a> at the element that it is applied to. The mapping from where the element would have rendered into that local coordinate system is given by the element’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-transformation-matrix">transformation matrix</a>.</p>
   <p id="transformation-matrix-computation"> The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-transformation-matrix①">transformation matrix</a> is computed from the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform④">transform</a> and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①">transform-origin</a> properties as follows: </p>
   <ol>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Start with the identity matrix.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Translate by the computed X and Y of <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin②">transform-origin</a></p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Multiply by each of the transform functions in <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform⑤">transform</a> property from left to right</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Translate by the negated computed X and Y values of <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin③">transform-origin</a></p>
   </ol>
   <div class="example" id="example-192d2b11">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-192d2b11"></a> 
    <p>An element has a <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform⑥">transform</a> property that is not <span class="css">none</span>.</p>
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- f>div </c-><c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>transform-origin</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- m>0</c-> <c- m>0</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>transform</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- nf>translate</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- m>-10</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- m>-20</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- nf>scale</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- m>2</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- nf>rotate</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- m>45</c-><c- l>deg</c-><c- p>);</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</code></pre>
    <p>The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin④">transform-origin</a> property is set to <span class="css">0 0</span> and can be omitted. The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-transformation-matrix②">transformation matrix</a> <i>TM</i> gets computed by post-multying the <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-translate" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-translate">&lt;translate()></a>, <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-scale" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-scale">&lt;scale()></a> and <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-rotate" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-rotate">&lt;rotate()></a> <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-function" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-function">&lt;transform-function></a>s.</p>
    <p><img alt="TM = \begin{bmatrix} 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; -10 \\ 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; -20 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 2 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 2 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} cos(45) &amp; -sin(45) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ sin(45) &amp; cos(45) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix}" src="images/tm.png" width="627"></p>
   </div>
   <p>Transforms apply to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformable-element" id="ref-for-transformable-element">transformable elements</a>.</p>
   <p>The coordinate space is a coordinate system with two axes: the X axis increases horizontally to the right; the Y axis increases vertically downwards.</p>
   <p>Transformations are cumulative. That is, elements establish their local coordinate system within the coordinate system of their parent.</p>
   <p>To map a point <i>p<sub>local</sub></i> with the coordinate pair <i>x<sub>local</sub></i> and <i>y<sub>local</sub></i> from the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#local-coordinate-system" id="ref-for-local-coordinate-system②">local coordinate system</a> of an element into the parent’s coordinate system, post-multiply the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-transformation-matrix③">transformation matrix</a> <i>TM</i> of the element by <i>p<sub>local</sub></i>. The result is the mapped point <i>p<sub>parent</sub></i> with the coordinate pair <i>x<sub>parent</sub></i> and <i>y<sub>parent</sub></i> in the parent’s <span id="ref-for-local-coordinate-system③">local coordinate system</span>.</p>
   <p><img alt="\begin{bmatrix} x_{parent} \\ y_{parent} \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} = TM \cdot \begin{bmatrix} x_{local} \\ y_{local} \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}" src="images/tm-map.png" width="276"></p>
   <p>From the perspective of the user, an element effectively accumulates all the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform⑦">transform</a> properties of its ancestors as well as any local transform applied to it. The accumulation of these transforms defines a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#current-transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-current-transformation-matrix">current transformation matrix</a> (CTM) for the element.</p>
   <p id="current-transformation-matrix-computation"> The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#current-transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-current-transformation-matrix①">current transformation matrix</a> is computed by post-multiplying all transformation matrices starting from the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/coords.html#TermViewportCoordinateSystem" id="ref-for-TermViewportCoordinateSystem①">viewport coordinate system</a> and ending with the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-transformation-matrix④">transformation matrix</a> of an element. </p>
   <div class="example" id="example-63675dc3">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-63675dc3"></a> This example has multiple, nested elements in an SVG document. Some elements get transformed by a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-transformation-matrix⑤">transformation matrix</a>. 
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>svg</c-> <c- e>xmlns</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"</c-><c- p>></c->
  <c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>g</c-> <c- e>transform</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"translate(-10, 20)"</c-><c- p>></c->
    <c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>g</c-> <c- e>transform</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"scale(2)"</c-><c- p>></c->
      <c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>rect</c-> <c- e>width</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"200"</c-> <c- e>height</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"200"</c-> <c- e>transform</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"rotate(45)"</c-><c- p>/></c->
    <c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>g</c-><c- p>></c->
  <c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>g</c-><c- p>></c->
<c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>svg</c-><c- p>></c->
</code></pre>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p><span class="css">translate(-10, 20)</span> computes to the transformation matrix <i>T1</i></p>
     <li data-md>
      <p><span class="css">scale(2)</span> computes to the transformation matrix <i>T2</i></p>
     <li data-md>
      <p><span class="css">rotate(45)</span> computes to the transformation matrix <i>T3</i></p>
    </ul>
    <p>The CTM for the SVG <a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/shapes.html#elementdef-rect" id="ref-for-elementdef-rect">rect</a> element is the result of multiplying <i>T1</i>, <i>T2</i> and <i>T3</i> in order.</p>
    <p><img alt="CTM = \begin{bmatrix} 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; -10 \\ 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; -20 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 2 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 2 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} cos(45) &amp; -sin(45) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ sin(45) &amp; cos(45) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix}" src="images/ctm.png" width="627"></p>
    <p>To map a point <i>p<sub>local</sub></i> with the coordinate pair <i>x<sub>local</sub></i> and <i>y<sub>local</sub></i> from the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#local-coordinate-system" id="ref-for-local-coordinate-system④">local coordinate system</a> of the SVG <a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/shapes.html#elementdef-rect" id="ref-for-elementdef-rect①">rect</a> element into the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/coords.html#TermViewportCoordinateSystem" id="ref-for-TermViewportCoordinateSystem②">viewport coordinate system</a>, post-multiply the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#current-transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-current-transformation-matrix②">current transformation matrix</a> <i>CTM</i> of the element by <i>p<sub>local</sub></i>. The result is the mapped point <i>p<sub>viewport</sub></i> with the coordinate pair <i>x<sub>viewport</sub></i> and <i>y<sub>viewport</sub></i> in the <span id="ref-for-TermViewportCoordinateSystem③">viewport coordinate system</span>.</p>
    <p><img alt="\begin{bmatrix} x_{viewport} \\ y_{viewport} \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} = CTM \cdot \begin{bmatrix} x_{local} \\ y_{local} \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}" src="images/ctm-map.png" width="276"></p>
   </div>
   <p class="note" role="note"><span>Note:</span> Transformations do affect the visual rendering, but have no affect on the CSS layout other than affecting overflow. Transforms are also taken into account when computing client rectangles exposed via the Element Interface Extensions, namely <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-view/#dom-element-getclientrects">getClientRects()</a> and <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-view/#dom-element-getboundingclientrect">getBoundingClientRect()</a>, which are specified in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-cssom-view">[CSSOM-VIEW]</a>.</p>
   <div class="example" id="example-76e5e4e0">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-76e5e4e0"></a> 
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- f>div </c-><c- p>{</c->
    <c- k>transform</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- nf>translate</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- m>100</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- m>100</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>);</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</code></pre>
    <p>This transform moves the element by 100 pixels in both the X and Y directions.</p>
    <div class="figure"> <img alt="The 100px translation in X and Y" height="250" src="examples/translate1.svg" width="470"> </div>
   </div>
   <div class="example" id="example-f319ce51">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-f319ce51"></a> 
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- f>div </c-><c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>height</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- m>100</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- k>width</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- m>100</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>transform-origin</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- m>50</c-><c- l>px</c-> <c- m>50</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>transform</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- nf>rotate</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- m>45</c-><c- l>deg</c-><c- p>);</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</code></pre>
    <p>The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin⑤">transform-origin</a> property moves the point of origin by 50 pixels in both the X and Y directions. The transform rotates the element clockwise by 45° about the point of origin. After all transform functions were applied, the translation of the origin gets translated back by -50 pixels in both the X and Y directions.</p>
    <div class="figure"> <img alt="The point of origin gets translated temporary" height="250" src="examples/origin1.svg" width="735"> </div>
   </div>
   <div class="example" id="example-cc93ebae">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-cc93ebae"></a> 
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- f>div </c-><c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>height</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- m>100</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- k>width</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- m>100</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>transform</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- nf>translate</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- m>80</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- m>80</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- nf>scale</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- m>1.5</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- m>1.5</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- nf>rotate</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- m>45</c-><c- l>deg</c-><c- p>);</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</code></pre>
    <p>The visual appareance is as if the <a data-link-type="element" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-div-element" id="ref-for-the-div-element">div</a> element gets translated by 80px to the bottom left direction, then scaled up by 150% and finally rotated by 45°.</p>
    <p>Each <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-function" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-function①">&lt;transform-function></a> can get represented by a corresponding 4x4 matrix. To map a point from the coordinate space of the <a data-link-type="element" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-div-element" id="ref-for-the-div-element①">div</a> box to the coordinate space of the parent element, these transforms get multiplied in the reverse order:</p>
    <ol>
     <li data-md>
      <p>The rotation matrix gets <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#post-multiplied" id="ref-for-post-multiplied">post-multiplied</a> by the scale matrix.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>The result of the previous multiplication is then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#post-multiplied" id="ref-for-post-multiplied①">post-multiplied</a> by the translation matrix to create the accumulated transformation matrix.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>Finally, the point to map gets <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#pre-multiplied" id="ref-for-pre-multiplied">pre-multiplied</a> with the accumulated transformation matrix.</p>
    </ol>
    <p>For more details see <a href="#transform-function-lists">The Transform Function Lists</a>.</p>
    <div class="figure"> <img alt="The transform specified above" height="270" src="examples/compound_transform.svg" width="270"> </div>
    <p class="note" role="note"><span>Note:</span> The identical rendering can be obtained by nesting elements with the equivalent transforms:</p>
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>style</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"transform: translate(80px, 80px)"</c-><c- p>></c->
    <c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>style</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"transform: scale(1.5, 1.5)"</c-><c- p>></c->
        <c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>style</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"transform: rotate(45deg)"</c-><c- p>>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
    <c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
<c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
</code></pre>
   </div>
   <p>For elements whose layout is governed by the CSS box model, the transform property does not affect the flow of the content surrounding the transformed element. However, the extent of the overflow area takes into account transformed elements. This behavior is similar to what happens when elements are offset via relative positioning. Therefore, if the value of the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-overflow-3/#propdef-overflow" id="ref-for-propdef-overflow">overflow</a> property is <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-overflow-3/#valdef-overflow-scroll" id="ref-for-valdef-overflow-scroll">scroll</a> or <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-overflow-3/#valdef-overflow-auto" id="ref-for-valdef-overflow-auto">auto</a>, scrollbars will appear as needed to see content that is transformed outside the visible area. Specifically, transforms can extend (but do not shrink) the size of the overflow area, which is computed as the union of the bounds of the elements before and after the application of transforms.</p>
   <p>For elements whose layout is governed by the CSS box model, any value other than <span class="css">none</span> for the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform⑧">transform</a> property results in the creation of a stacking context. Implementations must paint the layer it creates, within its parent stacking context, at the same stacking order that would be used if it were a positioned element with <a class="css" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-position-3/#propdef-z-index" id="ref-for-propdef-z-index">z-index: 0</a>. If an element with a transform is positioned, the <span class="property" id="ref-for-propdef-z-index①">z-index</span> property applies as described in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css2">[CSS2]</a>, except that <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-position-3/#valdef-z-index-auto" id="ref-for-valdef-z-index-auto">auto</a> is treated as <span class="css">0</span> since a new stacking context is always created.</p>
   <p>For elements whose layout is governed by the CSS box model, any value other than <span class="css">none</span> for the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform⑨">transform</a> property also causes the element to establish a <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-export id="containing-block-for-all-descendants">containing block for all descendants</dfn>. Its padding box will be used to layout for all of its absolute-position descendants, fixed-position descendants, and descendant fixed background attachments.</p>
   <div class="example" id="example-02d1d5ba">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-02d1d5ba"></a> To demostrate the effect of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#containing-block-for-all-descendants" id="ref-for-containing-block-for-all-descendants">containing block for all descendants</a> on fixed-position descendants, the following code snippets should behave identically: 
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>style</c-><c- p>></c->
<c- p>#</c-><c- nn>container</c-> <c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>width</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- mi>300</c-><c- b>px</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>height</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- mi>200</c-><c- b>px</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>border</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- mi>5</c-><c- b>px</c-> <c- kc>dashed</c-> <c- kc>black</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>padding</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- mi>5</c-><c- b>px</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>overflow</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- kc>scroll</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->

<c- p>#</c-><c- nn>bloat</c-> <c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>height</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- mi>1000</c-><c- b>px</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->

<c- p>#</c-><c- nn>child</c-> <c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>right</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>bottom</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>width</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- mi>10</c-><c- b>%</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>height</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- mi>10</c-><c- b>%</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>background</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- kc>green</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
<c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>style</c-><c- p>></c->

<c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>id</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"container"</c-> <c- e>style</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"transform:translateX(5px);"</c-><c- p>></c->
  <c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>id</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"bloat"</c-><c- p>>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
  <c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>id</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"child"</c-> <c- e>style</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"position:fixed;"</c-><c- p>>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
<c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
</code></pre>
    <p>versus</p>
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>id</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"container"</c-> <c- e>style</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"position:relative; z-index:0; left:5px;"</c-><c- p>></c->
  <c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>id</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"bloat"</c-><c- p>>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
  <c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>id</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"child"</c-> <c- e>style</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"position:absolute;"</c-><c- p>>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
<c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
</code></pre>
   </div>
   <p><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-backgrounds-3/#valdef-background-attachment-fixed">Fixed backgrounds</a> on the root element are affected by any transform specified for that element. For all other elements that are effected by a transform (i.e. have a transform applied to them, or to any of their ancestor elements), a value of <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#valdef-background-attachment-fixed" id="ref-for-valdef-background-attachment-fixed①">fixed</a> for the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#propdef-background-attachment" id="ref-for-propdef-background-attachment①">background-attachment</a> property is treated as if it had a value of <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#valdef-background-attachment-scroll" id="ref-for-valdef-background-attachment-scroll">scroll</a>. The computed value of <span class="property" id="ref-for-propdef-background-attachment②">background-attachment</span> is not affected.</p>
   <p class="note" role="note"><span>Note:</span> If the root element is transformed, the transformation applies to the entire canvas, including any background specified for the root element.  Since <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-backgrounds-3/#special-backgrounds">the background painting area for the root element</a> is the entire canvas, which is infinite, the transformation might cause parts of the background that were originally off-screen to appear. For example, if the root element’s background were repeating dots, and a transformation of <span class="css">scale(0.5)</span> were specified on the root element, the dots would shrink to half their size, but there will be twice as many, so they still cover the whole viewport.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="4" id="transform-property"><span class="secno">4. </span><span class="content">The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform①⓪">transform</a> Property</span><a class="self-link" href="#transform-property"></a></h2>
   <p>A transformation is applied to the coordinate system an element renders into through the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform①①">transform</a> property. This property contains a list of <a href="#transform-functions">transform functions</a>. The final transformation value for a coordinate system is obtained by converting each function in the list to its corresponding matrix like defined in <a href="#mathematical-description">Mathematical Description of Transform Functions</a>, then multiplying the matrices.</p>
   <table class="def propdef" data-link-for-hint="transform">
    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <th>Name:
      <td><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export id="propdef-transform">transform</dfn>
     <tr class="value">
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values/#value-defs">Value:</a>
      <td class="prod">none <a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-one" id="ref-for-comb-one">|</a> <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-list" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-list">&lt;transform-list></a>
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade/#initial-values">Initial:</a>
      <td>none
     <tr>
      <th>Applies to:
      <td><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformable-element" id="ref-for-transformable-element①">transformable elements</a>
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade/#inherited-property">Inherited:</a>
      <td>no
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values/#percentages">Percentages:</a>
      <td>refer to the size of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#reference-box" id="ref-for-reference-box①">reference box</a>
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade/#computed">Computed value:</a>
      <td>as specified, but with lengths made absolute
     <tr>
      <th>Canonical order:
      <td>per grammar
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/web-animations/#animation-type">Animation type:</a>
      <td>transform list, see <a href="#interpolation-of-transforms">interpolation rules</a>
   </table>
   <p>Any computed value other than <span class="css">none</span> for the transform affects containing block and stacking context, as described in <a href="#transform-rendering">§ 3 The Transform Rendering Model</a>.</p>
<pre class="prod"><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="type" data-export id="typedef-transform-list">&lt;transform-list></dfn> = <a class="production" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-function" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-function②">&lt;transform-function></a><a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#mult-one-plus" id="ref-for-mult-one-plus">+</a></pre>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1" id="serialization-of-transform-functions"><span class="secno">4.1. </span><span class="content">Serialization of <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-function" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-function③">&lt;transform-function></a>s</span><a class="self-link" href="#serialization-of-transform-functions"></a></h3>
   <p>To serialize the <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-function" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-function④">&lt;transform-function></a>s, serialize as per their individual grammars, in the order the grammars are written in, avoiding <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#funcdef-calc" id="ref-for-funcdef-calc">&lt;calc()></a> expressions where possible, avoiding <span class="production" id="ref-for-funcdef-calc①">&lt;calc()></span> transformations, omitting components when possible without changing the meaning, joining space-separated tokens with a single space, and following each serialized comma with a single space.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.2" id="serialization-of-the-computed-value"><span class="secno">4.2. </span><span class="content">Serialization of the computed value of <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-list" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-list①">&lt;transform-list></a></span><a class="self-link" href="#serialization-of-the-computed-value"></a></h3>
   <p>A <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-list" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-list②">&lt;transform-list></a> for the computed value is serialized to one <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-matrix" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-matrix">&lt;matrix()></a> function by the following algorithm:</p>
   <ol class="algorithm">
    <li data-md>
     <p>Let <var>transform</var> be a 4x4 matrix initialized to the identity matrix. The elements <var> m11</var>, <var>m22</var>, <var>m33</var> and <var>m44</var> of <var>transform</var> must be set to <span class="css">1</span> all other elements of <var>transform</var> must be set to <span class="css">0</span>.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Post-multiply all <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-function" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-function⑤">&lt;transform-function></a>s in <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-list" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-list③">&lt;transform-list></a> to <var>transform</var>.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Serialize <var>transform</var> to a <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-matrix" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-matrix①">&lt;matrix()></a> function.</p>
   </ol>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="5" id="transform-origin-property"><span class="secno">5. </span><span class="content">The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin⑥">transform-origin</a> Property</span><a class="self-link" href="#transform-origin-property"></a></h2>
   <table class="def propdef" data-link-for-hint="transform-origin">
    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <th>Name:
      <td><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export id="propdef-transform-origin">transform-origin</dfn>
     <tr class="value">
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values/#value-defs">Value:</a>
      <td class="prod">  [ left <a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-one" id="ref-for-comb-one①">|</a> center <span id="ref-for-comb-one②">|</span> right <span id="ref-for-comb-one③">|</span> top <span id="ref-for-comb-one④">|</span> bottom <span id="ref-for-comb-one⑤">|</span> <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#typedef-length-percentage" id="ref-for-typedef-length-percentage">&lt;length-percentage></a> ]<br> <span id="ref-for-comb-one⑥">|</span> <br>  [ left <span id="ref-for-comb-one⑦">|</span> center <span id="ref-for-comb-one⑧">|</span> right <span id="ref-for-comb-one⑨">|</span> <span class="production" id="ref-for-typedef-length-percentage①">&lt;length-percentage></span> ]<br>  [ top <span id="ref-for-comb-one①⓪">|</span> center <span id="ref-for-comb-one①①">|</span> bottom <span id="ref-for-comb-one①②">|</span> <span class="production" id="ref-for-typedef-length-percentage②">&lt;length-percentage></span> ] <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#length-value" id="ref-for-length-value" title="Expands to: em | vb | ch | cm | vh | vi | in | ex | vw | ic | pt | px | lh | pc | rem | rlh | vmax | advance measure | vmin | mm | cap | q">&lt;length></a><a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#mult-opt" id="ref-for-mult-opt">?</a><br> <span id="ref-for-comb-one①③">|</span><br>  [[ center <span id="ref-for-comb-one①④">|</span> left <span id="ref-for-comb-one①⑤">|</span> right ] <a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-all" id="ref-for-comb-all">&amp;&amp;</a> [ center <span id="ref-for-comb-one①⑥">|</span> top <span id="ref-for-comb-one①⑦">|</span> bottom ]] <span class="production" id="ref-for-length-value①" title="Expands to: em | vb | ch | cm | vh | vi | in | ex | vw | ic | pt | px | lh | pc | rem | rlh | vmax | advance measure | vmin | mm | cap | q">&lt;length></span><span id="ref-for-mult-opt①">?</span>
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade/#initial-values">Initial:</a>
      <td>50% 50%
     <tr>
      <th>Applies to:
      <td><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformable-element" id="ref-for-transformable-element②">transformable elements</a>
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade/#inherited-property">Inherited:</a>
      <td>no
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values/#percentages">Percentages:</a>
      <td>refer to the size of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#reference-box" id="ref-for-reference-box②">reference box</a>
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade/#computed">Computed value:</a>
      <td>see <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#propdef-background-position" id="ref-for-propdef-background-position">background-position</a>
     <tr>
      <th>Canonical order:
      <td>per grammar
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/web-animations/#animation-type">Animation type:</a>
      <td>by computed value
   </table>
   <p>The values of the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform①②">transform</a> and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin⑦">transform-origin</a> properties are used to compute the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-transformation-matrix⑥">transformation matrix</a>, as described above.</p>
   <p>If only one value is specified, the second value is assumed to be <a class="css" data-link-type="value" href="#valdef-transform-origin-center" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-origin-center">center</a>. If one or two values are specified, the third value is assumed to be <span class="css">0px</span>.</p>
   <p>If two or more values are defined and either no value is a keyword, or the only used keyword is <a class="css" data-link-type="value" href="#valdef-transform-origin-center" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-origin-center①">center</a>, then the first value represents the horizontal position (or offset) and the second represents the vertical position (or offset). A third value always represents the Z position (or offset) and must be of type <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#length-value" id="ref-for-length-value②" title="Expands to: em | vb | ch | cm | vh | vi | in | ex | vw | ic | pt | px | lh | pc | rem | rlh | vmax | advance measure | vmin | mm | cap | q">&lt;length></a>.</p>
   <dl>
    <dt data-md><a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#typedef-length-percentage" id="ref-for-typedef-length-percentage③">&lt;length-percentage></a>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>A percentage for the horizontal offset is relative to the width of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#reference-box" id="ref-for-reference-box③">reference box</a>. A percentage for the vertical offset is relative to the height of the <span id="ref-for-reference-box④">reference box</span>. The value for the horizontal and vertical offset represent an offset from the top left corner of the <span id="ref-for-reference-box⑤">reference box</span>.</p>
    <dt data-md><a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#length-value" id="ref-for-length-value③" title="Expands to: em | vb | ch | cm | vh | vi | in | ex | vw | ic | pt | px | lh | pc | rem | rlh | vmax | advance measure | vmin | mm | cap | q">&lt;length></a>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>A length value gives a fixed length as the offset. The value for the horizontal and vertical offset represent an offset from the top left corner of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#reference-box" id="ref-for-reference-box⑥">reference box</a>.</p>
    <dt data-md><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="transform-origin" data-dfn-type="value" data-export id="valdef-transform-origin-top">top<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-transform-origin-top"></a></dfn>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>Computes to <span class="css">0%</span> for the vertical position.</p>
    <dt data-md><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="transform-origin" data-dfn-type="value" data-export id="valdef-transform-origin-right">right<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-transform-origin-right"></a></dfn>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>Computes to <span class="css">100%</span> for the horizontal position.</p>
    <dt data-md><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="transform-origin" data-dfn-type="value" data-export id="valdef-transform-origin-bottom">bottom<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-transform-origin-bottom"></a></dfn>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>Computes to <span class="css">100%</span> for the vertical position.</p>
    <dt data-md><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="transform-origin" data-dfn-type="value" data-export id="valdef-transform-origin-left">left<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-transform-origin-left"></a></dfn>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>Computes to <span class="css">0%</span> for the horizontal position.</p>
    <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform-origin" data-dfn-type="value" data-export id="valdef-transform-origin-center">center</dfn>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>Computes to <span class="css">50%</span> (<span class="css">left 50%</span>) for the horizontal position if the horizontal position is not otherwise specified, or <span class="css">50%</span> (<span class="css">top 50%</span>) for the vertical position if it is.</p>
   </dl>
   <p>For SVG elements without associated CSS layout box the initial <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade-4/#used-value" id="ref-for-used-value">used value</a> is <span class="css">0 0</span> as if the user agent style sheet contained:</p>
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- f>*:not(svg), *:not(foreignObject) > svg </c-><c- p>{</c->
    <c- k>transform-origin</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- m>0</c-> <c- m>0</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</code></pre>
   <p>The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin⑧">transform-origin</a> property is a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-1/#resolved-value-special-case-property" id="ref-for-resolved-value-special-case-property">resolved value special case property</a> like <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css2/visudet.html#propdef-height" id="ref-for-propdef-height">height</a>. <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-cssom">[CSSOM]</a></p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="6" id="transform-box"><span class="secno">6. </span><span class="content">Transform reference box: the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-box" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-box①">transform-box</a> property</span><a class="self-link" href="#transform-box"></a></h2>
   <table class="def propdef" data-link-for-hint="transform-box">
    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <th>Name:
      <td><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export id="propdef-transform-box">transform-box</dfn>
     <tr class="value">
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values/#value-defs">Value:</a>
      <td class="prod">content-box <a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-one" id="ref-for-comb-one①⑧">|</a> border-box <span id="ref-for-comb-one①⑨">|</span> fill-box <span id="ref-for-comb-one②⓪">|</span> stroke-box <span id="ref-for-comb-one②①">|</span> view-box
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade/#initial-values">Initial:</a>
      <td>view-box
     <tr>
      <th>Applies to:
      <td><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformable-element" id="ref-for-transformable-element③">transformable elements</a>
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade/#inherited-property">Inherited:</a>
      <td>no
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values/#percentages">Percentages:</a>
      <td>N/A
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade/#computed">Computed value:</a>
      <td>specified keyword
     <tr>
      <th>Canonical order:
      <td>per grammar
     <tr>
      <th><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/web-animations/#animation-type">Animation type:</a>
      <td>discrete
   </table>
   <p>All transformations defined by the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform①③">transform</a> and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin⑨">transform-origin</a> property are relative to the position and dimensions of the <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="reference-box">reference box</dfn> of the element. The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#reference-box" id="ref-for-reference-box⑦">reference box</a> is specified by one of the following:</p>
   <dl>
    <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform-box" data-dfn-type="value" data-export id="valdef-transform-box-content-box">content-box</dfn>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>Uses the content box as reference box. The reference box of a table is the border box of its <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/tables.html#model">table wrapper box</a>, not its table box.</p>
    <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform-box" data-dfn-type="value" data-export id="valdef-transform-box-border-box">border-box</dfn>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>Uses the border box as reference box. The reference box of a table is the border box of its <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/tables.html#model">table wrapper box</a>, not its table box.</p>
    <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform-box" data-dfn-type="value" data-export id="valdef-transform-box-fill-box">fill-box</dfn>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>Uses the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/coords.html#TermObjectBoundingBox" id="ref-for-TermObjectBoundingBox">object bounding box</a> as reference box.</p>
    <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform-box" data-dfn-type="value" data-export id="valdef-transform-box-stroke-box">stroke-box</dfn>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>Uses the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/coords.html#TermStrokeBoundingBox" id="ref-for-TermStrokeBoundingBox">stroke bounding box</a> as reference box.</p>
    <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform-box" data-dfn-type="value" data-export id="valdef-transform-box-view-box">view-box</dfn>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>Uses the nearest <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/intro.html#TermSVGViewport">SVG viewport</a> as reference box.</p>
     <p>If a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl">viewBox</a></code> attribute is specified for the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/intro.html#TermSVGViewport">SVG viewport</a> creating element:</p>
     <ul>
      <li data-md>
       <p>The reference box is positioned at the origin of the coordinate system established by the <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl">viewBox</a></code> attribute.</p>
      <li data-md>
       <p>The dimension of the reference box is set to the <em>width</em> and <em>height</em> values of the <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl">viewBox</a></code> attribute.</p>
     </ul>
   </dl>
   <p>For the SVG <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-pattern" id="ref-for-elementdef-pattern">pattern</a></code> element, the reference box gets defined by the <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternUnitsAttribute" id="ref-for-PatternElementPatternUnitsAttribute">patternUnits</a></code> attribute <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-svg2">[SVG2]</a>.</p>
   <p>For the SVG <a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-linearGradient" id="ref-for-elementdef-linearGradient">linearGradient</a> and <a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-radialGradient" id="ref-for-elementdef-radialGradient">radialGradient</a> elements, the reference box gets defined by the <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientUnitsAttribute" id="ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientUnitsAttribute">gradientUnits</a></code> attribute <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-svg2">[SVG2]</a>.</p>
   <p>For the SVG <a data-link-type="element" href="https://drafts.fxtf.org/css-masking-1/#elementdef-clippath" id="ref-for-elementdef-clippath①">clipPath</a> element, the reference box gets defined by the <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://drafts.fxtf.org/css-masking-1/#element-attrdef-clippath-clippathunits" id="ref-for-element-attrdef-clippath-clippathunits">clipPathUnits</a></code> attribute <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css-masking">[CSS-MASKING]</a>.</p>
   <p>A reference box adds an additional offset to the origin specified by the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①⓪">transform-origin</a> property.</p>
   <p>For SVG elements without associated CSS layout box, the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade-4/#used-value" id="ref-for-used-value①">used value</a> for <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-transform-box-content-box" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-box-content-box">content-box</a> is <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-transform-box-fill-box" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-box-fill-box">fill-box</a> and for <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-transform-box-border-box" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-box-border-box">border-box</a> is <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-transform-box-stroke-box" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-box-stroke-box">stroke-box</a>.</p>
   <p>For elements with associated CSS layout box, the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade-4/#used-value" id="ref-for-used-value②">used value</a> for <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-transform-box-fill-box" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-box-fill-box①">fill-box</a> is <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-transform-box-content-box" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-box-content-box①">content-box</a> and for <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-transform-box-stroke-box" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-box-stroke-box①">stroke-box</a> and <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-transform-box-view-box" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-box-view-box">view-box</a> is <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-transform-box-border-box" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-box-border-box①">border-box</a>.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="7" id="svg-transform"><span class="secno">7. </span><span class="content">The SVG <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute">transform</a> Attribute</span><a class="self-link" href="#svg-transform"></a></h2>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.1" id="transform-attribute-specificity"><span class="secno">7.1. </span><span class="content">SVG presentation attributes</span><a class="self-link" href="#transform-attribute-specificity"></a></h3>
   <p>The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①①">transform-origin</a> CSS property is also a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/styling.html#TermPresentationAttribute" id="ref-for-TermPresentationAttribute">presentation attribute</a> and extends the list of existing <span id="ref-for-TermPresentationAttribute①">presentation attributes</span> <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-svg2">[SVG2]</a>.</p>
   <p>SVG 2 defines the <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute①">transform</a>, <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute">patternTransform</a></code>, <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute">gradientTransform</a></code> attributes as <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/styling.html#TermPresentationAttribute" id="ref-for-TermPresentationAttribute②">presentation attributes</a>, represented by the CSS <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform①④">transform</a> property <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-svg2">[SVG2]</a>.</p>
   <p>The participation in the CSS cascade is determined by the specificity of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/styling.html#TermPresentationAttribute" id="ref-for-TermPresentationAttribute③">presentation attributes</a> in the SVG specification. According to SVG, user agents conceptually insert a <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/styling.html#PresentationAttributes">new author style sheet</a> for presentation attributes, which is the first in the author style sheet collection <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-svg2">[SVG2]</a>.</p>
   <div class="example" id="example-ae528470">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-ae528470"></a> This example shows the combination of the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform①⑤">transform</a> style property and the <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute②">transform</a> attribute. 
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- f>&lt;svg</c-> <c- e>xmlns=</c-><c- s>"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"</c-><c- f>></c->
  <c- f>&lt;style></c->
  .container {
    transform: translate(100px, 100px);
  }
  <c- f>&lt;/style></c->

  <c- f>&lt;g</c-> <c- e>class=</c-><c- s>"container"</c-> <c- e>transform=</c-><c- s>"translate(200 200)"</c-><c- f>></c->
    <c- f>&lt;rect</c-> <c- e>width=</c-><c- s>"100"</c-> <c- e>height=</c-><c- s>"100"</c-> <c- e>fill=</c-><c- s>"blue"</c-> <c- f>/></c->
  <c- f>&lt;/g></c->
<c- f>&lt;/svg></c->
</code></pre>
    <div class="figure"> <img alt="Translated SVG container element." height="240" src="examples/svg-translate1.svg" width="470"> </div>
    <p>Because of the participation to the CSS cascade, the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform①⑥">transform</a> style property overrides the <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute③">transform</a> attribute. Therefore the container gets translated by <span class="css">100px</span> in both the horizontal and the vertical directions, instead of <span class="css">200px</span>.</p>
   </div>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.2" id="svg-syntax"><span class="secno">7.2. </span><span class="content">Syntax of the SVG <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute④">transform</a> attribute</span><a class="self-link" href="#svg-syntax"></a></h3>
   <p>For backwards compatibility reasons, the syntax of the <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute⑤">transform</a>, <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute①">patternTransform</a></code>, <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute①">gradientTransform</a></code> attributes differ from the syntax of the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform①⑦">transform</a> CSS property. For the attributes, there is no support for additional <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-function" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-function⑥">&lt;transform-function></a>s defined for the CSS <span class="property" id="ref-for-propdef-transform①⑧">transform</span> property. Specifically, <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-translatex" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-translatex">&lt;translateX()></a>, <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-translatey" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-translatey">&lt;translateY()></a>, <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-scalex" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-scalex">&lt;scaleX()></a>, <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-scaley" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-scaley">&lt;scaleY()></a> and <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-skew" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-skew">&lt;skew()></a> are not supported by the <span id="ref-for-TransformAttribute⑥">transform</span>, <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute②">patternTransform</a></code>, <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute②">gradientTransform</a></code> attributes.</p>
   <p>The following list uses the Backus-Naur Form (BNF) to define values for the <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute⑦">transform</a>, <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute③">patternTransform</a> and <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute③">gradientTransform</a> attributes followed by an informative rail road diagram. The following notation is used:</p>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>*: 0 or more</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>+: 1 or more</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>?: 0 or 1</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>(): grouping</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>|: separates alternatives</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>double quotes surround literals. Literals consists of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-syntax-3/#letter" id="ref-for-letter">letter</a>s <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css-syntax-3">[CSS-SYNTAX-3]</a>, left parenthesis and right parenthesis.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p><a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-syntax-3/#typedef-number-token" id="ref-for-typedef-number-token">&lt;number-token></a> defined by the CSS Syntax module <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css-syntax-3">[CSS-SYNTAX-3]</a>.</p>
   </ul>
   <p class="note" role="note"><span>Note:</span> The syntax reflects implemented behavior in user agents and differs from the syntax defined by SVG 1.1.</p>
   <dl>
    <dt>left parenthesis (
    <dd>U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS
    <dt>right parenthesis )
    <dd>U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS
    <dt id="svg-comma"><a class="self-link" href="#svg-comma"></a>comma
    <dd>U+002C COMMA. 
    <dt id="svg-wsp"><a class="self-link" href="#svg-wsp"></a>wsp
    <dd>Either a U+000A LINE FEED, U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN, U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION, or U+0020 SPACE. 
    <dd>
     <div class="railroad">
      <svg class="railroad-diagram" height="152" viewBox="0 0 180 152" width="180">
       <g transform="translate(.5 .5)">
        <path d="M 20 21 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path>
        <g>
         <path d="M40 31h0"></path>
         <path d="M140 31h0"></path>
         <path d="M40 31h20"></path>
         <g class="terminal">
          <path d="M60 31h0"></path>
          <path d="M120 31h0"></path>
          <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="60" x="60" y="20"></rect>
          <text x="90" y="35">space</text>
         </g>
         <path d="M120 31h20"></path>
         <path d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v10a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g class="terminal">
          <path d="M60 61h12"></path>
          <path d="M108 61h12"></path>
          <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="36" x="72" y="50"></rect>
          <text x="90" y="65">\t</text>
         </g>
         <path d="M120 61a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-10a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
         <path d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v40a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g class="terminal">
          <path d="M60 91h12"></path>
          <path d="M108 91h12"></path>
          <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="36" x="72" y="80"></rect>
          <text x="90" y="95">\r</text>
         </g>
         <path d="M120 91a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-40a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
         <path d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v70a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g class="terminal">
          <path d="M60 121h12"></path>
          <path d="M108 121h12"></path>
          <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="36" x="72" y="110"></rect>
          <text x="90" y="125">\f</text>
         </g>
         <path d="M120 121a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-70a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
        </g>
        <path d="M 140 31 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path>
       </g>
      </svg>
     </div>
    <dt id="svg-comma-wsp"><a class="self-link" href="#svg-comma-wsp"></a>comma-wsp
    <dd>
<pre>(wsp+ comma? wsp*) | (comma wsp*)</pre>
    <dd>
     <div class="railroad">
      <svg class="railroad-diagram" height="128" viewBox="0 0 398 128" width="398">
       <g transform="translate(.5 .5)">
        <path d="M 20 30 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path>
        <g>
         <path d="M40 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M358 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M40 40h20"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 40h0"></path>
          <path d="M338 40h0"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M60 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M124 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M60 40h10"></path>
           <g class="non-terminal">
            <path d="M70 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M114 40h0"></path>
            <rect height="22" width="44" x="70" y="29"></rect>
            <text x="92" y="44">wsp</text>
           </g>
           <path d="M114 40h10"></path>
           <path d="M70 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M70 60h44"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M114 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M124 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M134 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M234 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M134 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M154 20h60"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M214 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M134 40h20"></path>
           <g class="non-terminal">
            <path d="M154 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M214 40h0"></path>
            <rect height="22" width="60" x="154" y="29"></rect>
            <text x="184" y="44">comma</text>
           </g>
           <path d="M214 40h20"></path>
          </g>
          <g>
           <path d="M234 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M338 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M234 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M254 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M318 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M234 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M254 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M318 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M254 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M264 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M308 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="264" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="286" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M308 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M264 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M264 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M308 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M318 40h20"></path>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M338 40h20"></path>
         <path d="M40 40a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v28a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 88h52"></path>
          <path d="M286 88h52"></path>
          <g class="non-terminal">
           <path d="M112 88h0"></path>
           <path d="M172 88h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" width="60" x="112" y="77"></rect>
           <text x="142" y="92">comma</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M172 88h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M182 88h0"></path>
           <path d="M286 88h0"></path>
           <path d="M182 88a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M202 68h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M266 68a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M182 88h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M202 88h0"></path>
            <path d="M266 88h0"></path>
            <path d="M202 88h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M212 88h0"></path>
             <path d="M256 88h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="212" y="77"></rect>
             <text x="234" y="92">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M256 88h10"></path>
            <path d="M212 88a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M212 108h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M256 108a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M266 88h20"></path>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M338 88a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-28a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
        </g>
        <path d="M 358 40 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path>
       </g>
      </svg>
     </div>
    <dt id="svg-translate"><a class="self-link" href="#svg-translate"></a>translate
    <dd>
<pre>"translate" wsp* "(" wsp* number ( comma-wsp? number )? wsp* ")"</pre>
    <dd>
     <div class="railroad">
      <svg class="railroad-diagram" height="192" viewBox="0 0 596 192" width="596">
       <g transform="translate(.5 .5)">
        <path d="M 20 30 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path>
        <path d="M40 40h10"></path>
        <g>
         <path d="M50 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M50 40h10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 40h59"></path>
          <path d="M477 40h59"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M119 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M211 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="92" x="119" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="165" y="44">translate</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M211 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M221 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M325 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M221 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M241 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M305 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M221 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M241 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M305 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M241 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M251 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M295 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="251" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="273" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M295 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M251 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M251 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M295 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M305 40h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M325 40h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M335 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M363 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="28" x="335" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="349" y="44">(</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M363 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M373 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M477 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M373 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M393 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M457 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M373 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M393 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M457 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M393 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M403 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M447 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="403" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="425" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M447 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M403 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M403 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M447 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M457 40h20"></path>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M536 40a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v8a10 10 0 0 1 -10 10h-476a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v16a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 104h10"></path>
          <path d="M526 104h10"></path>
          <g class="non-terminal">
           <path d="M70 104h0"></path>
           <path d="M202 104h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" width="132" x="70" y="93"></rect>
           <text x="136" y="108">&lt;number-token></text>
          </g>
          <path d="M202 104h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M212 104h0"></path>
           <path d="M526 104h0"></path>
           <path d="M212 104a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-8a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M232 76h274"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M506 76a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v8a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M212 104h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M232 104h0"></path>
            <path d="M506 104h0"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M232 104h0"></path>
             <path d="M364 104h0"></path>
             <path d="M232 104a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
             <g>
              <path d="M252 84h92"></path>
             </g>
             <path d="M344 84a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
             <path d="M232 104h20"></path>
             <g class="non-terminal">
              <path d="M252 104h0"></path>
              <path d="M344 104h0"></path>
              <rect height="22" width="92" x="252" y="93"></rect>
              <text x="298" y="108">comma-wsp</text>
             </g>
             <path d="M344 104h20"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M364 104h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M374 104h0"></path>
             <path d="M506 104h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="132" x="374" y="93"></rect>
             <text x="440" y="108">&lt;number-token></text>
            </g>
           </g>
           <path d="M506 104h20"></path>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M536 104a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 1 -10 10h-476a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v8a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 152h167"></path>
          <path d="M369 152h167"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M227 152h0"></path>
           <path d="M331 152h0"></path>
           <path d="M227 152a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M247 132h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M311 132a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M227 152h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M247 152h0"></path>
            <path d="M311 152h0"></path>
            <path d="M247 152h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M257 152h0"></path>
             <path d="M301 152h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="257" y="141"></rect>
             <text x="279" y="156">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M301 152h10"></path>
            <path d="M257 152a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M257 172h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M301 172a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M311 152h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M331 152h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M341 152h0"></path>
           <path d="M369 152h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="28" x="341" y="141"></rect>
           <text x="355" y="156">)</text>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M536 152h10"></path>
         <path d="M546 152h0"></path>
        </g>
        <path d="M546 152h10"></path>
        <path d="M 556 152 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path>
       </g>
      </svg>
     </div>
    <dt id="svg-scale"><a class="self-link" href="#svg-scale"></a>scale
    <dd>
<pre>"scale" wsp* "(" wsp* number ( comma-wsp? number )? wsp* ")"</pre>
    <dd>
     <div class="railroad">
      <svg class="railroad-diagram" height="192" viewBox="0 0 596 192" width="596">
       <g transform="translate(.5 .5)">
        <path d="M 20 30 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path>
        <path d="M40 40h10"></path>
        <g>
         <path d="M50 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M50 40h10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 40h75"></path>
          <path d="M461 40h75"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M135 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M195 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="60" x="135" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="165" y="44">scale</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M195 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M205 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M309 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M205 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M225 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M289 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M205 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M225 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M289 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M225 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M235 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M279 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="235" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="257" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M279 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M235 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M235 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M279 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M289 40h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M309 40h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M319 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M347 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="28" x="319" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="333" y="44">(</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M347 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M357 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M461 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M357 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M377 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M441 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M357 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M377 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M441 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M377 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M387 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M431 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="387" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="409" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M431 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M387 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M387 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M431 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M441 40h20"></path>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M536 40a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v8a10 10 0 0 1 -10 10h-476a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v16a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 104h10"></path>
          <path d="M526 104h10"></path>
          <g class="non-terminal">
           <path d="M70 104h0"></path>
           <path d="M202 104h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" width="132" x="70" y="93"></rect>
           <text x="136" y="108">&lt;number-token></text>
          </g>
          <path d="M202 104h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M212 104h0"></path>
           <path d="M526 104h0"></path>
           <path d="M212 104a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-8a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M232 76h274"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M506 76a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v8a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M212 104h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M232 104h0"></path>
            <path d="M506 104h0"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M232 104h0"></path>
             <path d="M364 104h0"></path>
             <path d="M232 104a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
             <g>
              <path d="M252 84h92"></path>
             </g>
             <path d="M344 84a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
             <path d="M232 104h20"></path>
             <g class="non-terminal">
              <path d="M252 104h0"></path>
              <path d="M344 104h0"></path>
              <rect height="22" width="92" x="252" y="93"></rect>
              <text x="298" y="108">comma-wsp</text>
             </g>
             <path d="M344 104h20"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M364 104h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M374 104h0"></path>
             <path d="M506 104h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="132" x="374" y="93"></rect>
             <text x="440" y="108">&lt;number-token></text>
            </g>
           </g>
           <path d="M506 104h20"></path>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M536 104a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 1 -10 10h-476a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v8a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 152h167"></path>
          <path d="M369 152h167"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M227 152h0"></path>
           <path d="M331 152h0"></path>
           <path d="M227 152a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M247 132h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M311 132a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M227 152h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M247 152h0"></path>
            <path d="M311 152h0"></path>
            <path d="M247 152h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M257 152h0"></path>
             <path d="M301 152h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="257" y="141"></rect>
             <text x="279" y="156">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M301 152h10"></path>
            <path d="M257 152a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M257 172h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M301 172a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M311 152h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M331 152h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M341 152h0"></path>
           <path d="M369 152h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="28" x="341" y="141"></rect>
           <text x="355" y="156">)</text>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M536 152h10"></path>
         <path d="M546 152h0"></path>
        </g>
        <path d="M546 152h10"></path>
        <path d="M 556 152 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path>
       </g>
      </svg>
     </div>
    <dt id="svg-rotate"><a class="self-link" href="#svg-rotate"></a>rotate
    <dd>
<pre>"rotate" wsp* "(" wsp* number ( comma-wsp? number comma-wsp? number )? wsp* ")"</pre>
    <dd>
     <div class="railroad">
      <svg class="railroad-diagram" height="221" viewBox="0 0 616 221" width="616">
       <g transform="translate(.5 .5)">
        <path d="M 20 30 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path>
        <path d="M40 40h10"></path>
        <g>
         <path d="M50 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M50 40h10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 40h81"></path>
          <path d="M475 40h81"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M141 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M209 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="68" x="141" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="175" y="44">rotate</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M209 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M219 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M323 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M219 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M239 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M303 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M219 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M239 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M303 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M239 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M249 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M293 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="249" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="271" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M293 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M249 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M249 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M293 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M303 40h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M323 40h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M333 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M361 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="28" x="333" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="347" y="44">(</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M361 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M371 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M475 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M371 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M391 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M455 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M371 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M391 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M455 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M391 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M401 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M445 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="401" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="423" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M445 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M401 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M401 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M445 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M455 40h20"></path>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M556 40a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v8a10 10 0 0 1 -10 10h-496a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v16a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 104h10"></path>
          <path d="M546 104h10"></path>
          <g class="non-terminal">
           <path d="M70 104h0"></path>
           <path d="M202 104h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" width="132" x="70" y="93"></rect>
           <text x="136" y="108">&lt;number-token></text>
          </g>
          <path d="M202 104h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M212 104h0"></path>
           <path d="M546 104h0"></path>
           <path d="M212 104a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-8a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M232 76h294"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M526 76a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v8a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M212 104h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M232 104h0"></path>
            <path d="M526 104h0"></path>
            <path d="M232 104h10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M242 104h0"></path>
             <path d="M516 104h0"></path>
             <g>
              <path d="M242 104h0"></path>
              <path d="M374 104h0"></path>
              <path d="M242 104a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
              <g>
               <path d="M262 84h92"></path>
              </g>
              <path d="M354 84a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
              <path d="M242 104h20"></path>
              <g class="non-terminal">
               <path d="M262 104h0"></path>
               <path d="M354 104h0"></path>
               <rect height="22" width="92" x="262" y="93"></rect>
               <text x="308" y="108">comma-wsp</text>
              </g>
              <path d="M354 104h20"></path>
             </g>
             <path d="M374 104h10"></path>
             <g class="non-terminal">
              <path d="M384 104h0"></path>
              <path d="M516 104h0"></path>
              <rect height="22" width="132" x="384" y="93"></rect>
              <text x="450" y="108">&lt;number-token></text>
             </g>
            </g>
            <path d="M516 104h10"></path>
            <path d="M242 104a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v10a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M242 134h128"></path>
             <path d="M387 134h128"></path>
             <text class="comment" x="379" y="139">1</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M516 134a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-10a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M526 104h20"></path>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M556 104a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v29a10 10 0 0 1 -10 10h-496a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v8a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 181h177"></path>
          <path d="M379 181h177"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M237 181h0"></path>
           <path d="M341 181h0"></path>
           <path d="M237 181a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M257 161h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M321 161a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M237 181h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M257 181h0"></path>
            <path d="M321 181h0"></path>
            <path d="M257 181h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M267 181h0"></path>
             <path d="M311 181h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="267" y="170"></rect>
             <text x="289" y="185">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M311 181h10"></path>
            <path d="M267 181a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M267 201h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M311 201a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M321 181h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M341 181h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M351 181h0"></path>
           <path d="M379 181h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="28" x="351" y="170"></rect>
           <text x="365" y="185">)</text>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M556 181h10"></path>
         <path d="M566 181h0"></path>
        </g>
        <path d="M566 181h10"></path>
        <path d="M 576 181 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path>
       </g>
      </svg>
     </div>
    <dt id="svg-skewX"><a class="self-link" href="#svg-skewX"></a>skewX
    <dd>
<pre>"skewX" wsp* "(" wsp* number wsp* ")"</pre>
    <dd>
     <div class="railroad">
      <svg class="railroad-diagram" height="176" viewBox="0 0 466 176" width="466">
       <g transform="translate(.5 .5)">
        <path d="M 20 30 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path>
        <path d="M40 40h10"></path>
        <g>
         <path d="M50 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M50 40h10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 40h10"></path>
          <path d="M396 40h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M70 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M130 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="60" x="70" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="100" y="44">skewX</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M130 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M140 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M244 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M140 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M160 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M224 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M140 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M160 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M224 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M160 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M170 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M214 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="170" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="192" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M214 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M170 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M170 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M214 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M224 40h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M244 40h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M254 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M282 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="28" x="254" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="268" y="44">(</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M282 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M292 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M396 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M292 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M312 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M376 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M292 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M312 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M376 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M312 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M322 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M366 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="322" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="344" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M366 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M322 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M322 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M366 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M376 40h20"></path>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M406 40a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v8a10 10 0 0 1 -10 10h-346a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 88h107"></path>
          <path d="M299 88h107"></path>
          <g class="non-terminal">
           <path d="M167 88h0"></path>
           <path d="M299 88h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" width="132" x="167" y="77"></rect>
           <text x="233" y="92">&lt;number-token></text>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M406 88a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 1 -10 10h-346a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v8a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 136h102"></path>
          <path d="M304 136h102"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M162 136h0"></path>
           <path d="M266 136h0"></path>
           <path d="M162 136a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M182 116h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M246 116a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M162 136h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M182 136h0"></path>
            <path d="M246 136h0"></path>
            <path d="M182 136h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M192 136h0"></path>
             <path d="M236 136h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="192" y="125"></rect>
             <text x="214" y="140">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M236 136h10"></path>
            <path d="M192 136a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M192 156h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M236 156a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M246 136h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M266 136h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M276 136h0"></path>
           <path d="M304 136h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="28" x="276" y="125"></rect>
           <text x="290" y="140">)</text>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M406 136h10"></path>
         <path d="M416 136h0"></path>
        </g>
        <path d="M416 136h10"></path>
        <path d="M 426 136 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path>
       </g>
      </svg>
     </div>
    <dt id="svg-skewY"><a class="self-link" href="#svg-skewY"></a>skewY
    <dd>
<pre>"skewY" wsp* "(" wsp* number wsp* ")"</pre>
    <dd>
     <div class="railroad">
      <svg class="railroad-diagram" height="176" viewBox="0 0 466 176" width="466">
       <g transform="translate(.5 .5)">
        <path d="M 20 30 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path>
        <path d="M40 40h10"></path>
        <g>
         <path d="M50 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M50 40h10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 40h10"></path>
          <path d="M396 40h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M70 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M130 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="60" x="70" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="100" y="44">skewX</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M130 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M140 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M244 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M140 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M160 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M224 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M140 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M160 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M224 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M160 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M170 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M214 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="170" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="192" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M214 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M170 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M170 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M214 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M224 40h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M244 40h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M254 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M282 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="28" x="254" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="268" y="44">(</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M282 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M292 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M396 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M292 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M312 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M376 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M292 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M312 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M376 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M312 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M322 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M366 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="322" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="344" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M366 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M322 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M322 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M366 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M376 40h20"></path>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M406 40a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v8a10 10 0 0 1 -10 10h-346a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 88h107"></path>
          <path d="M299 88h107"></path>
          <g class="non-terminal">
           <path d="M167 88h0"></path>
           <path d="M299 88h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" width="132" x="167" y="77"></rect>
           <text x="233" y="92">&lt;number-token></text>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M406 88a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 1 -10 10h-346a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v8a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 136h102"></path>
          <path d="M304 136h102"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M162 136h0"></path>
           <path d="M266 136h0"></path>
           <path d="M162 136a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M182 116h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M246 116a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M162 136h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M182 136h0"></path>
            <path d="M246 136h0"></path>
            <path d="M182 136h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M192 136h0"></path>
             <path d="M236 136h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="192" y="125"></rect>
             <text x="214" y="140">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M236 136h10"></path>
            <path d="M192 136a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M192 156h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M236 156a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M246 136h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M266 136h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M276 136h0"></path>
           <path d="M304 136h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="28" x="276" y="125"></rect>
           <text x="290" y="140">)</text>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M406 136h10"></path>
         <path d="M416 136h0"></path>
        </g>
        <path d="M416 136h10"></path>
        <path d="M 426 136 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path>
       </g>
      </svg>
     </div>
    <dt id="svg-matrix"><a class="self-link" href="#svg-matrix"></a>matrix
    <dd>
<pre>"matrix" wsp* "(" wsp*
    number comma-wsp?
    number comma-wsp?
    number comma-wsp?
    number comma-wsp?
    number comma-wsp?
    number wsp* ")"
  </pre>
    <dd>
     <div class="railroad">
      <svg class="railroad-diagram" height="221" viewBox="0 0 616 221" width="616">
       <g transform="translate(.5 .5)">
        <path d="M 20 30 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path>
        <path d="M40 40h10"></path>
        <g>
         <path d="M50 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M50 40h10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 40h81"></path>
          <path d="M475 40h81"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M141 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M209 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="68" x="141" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="175" y="44">matrix</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M209 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M219 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M323 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M219 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M239 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M303 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M219 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M239 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M303 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M239 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M249 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M293 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="249" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="271" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M293 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M249 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M249 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M293 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M303 40h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M323 40h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M333 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M361 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="28" x="333" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="347" y="44">(</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M361 40h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M371 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M475 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M371 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M391 20h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M455 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M371 40h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M391 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M455 40h0"></path>
            <path d="M391 40h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M401 40h0"></path>
             <path d="M445 40h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="401" y="29"></rect>
             <text x="423" y="44">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M445 40h10"></path>
            <path d="M401 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M401 60h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M445 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M455 40h20"></path>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M556 40a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v8a10 10 0 0 1 -10 10h-496a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v16a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 104h10"></path>
          <path d="M546 104h10"></path>
          <g class="non-terminal">
           <path d="M70 104h0"></path>
           <path d="M202 104h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" width="132" x="70" y="93"></rect>
           <text x="136" y="108">&lt;number-token></text>
          </g>
          <path d="M202 104h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M212 104h0"></path>
           <path d="M546 104h0"></path>
           <path d="M212 104a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-8a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M232 76h294"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M526 76a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v8a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M212 104h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M232 104h0"></path>
            <path d="M526 104h0"></path>
            <path d="M232 104h10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M242 104h0"></path>
             <path d="M516 104h0"></path>
             <g>
              <path d="M242 104h0"></path>
              <path d="M374 104h0"></path>
              <path d="M242 104a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
              <g>
               <path d="M262 84h92"></path>
              </g>
              <path d="M354 84a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
              <path d="M242 104h20"></path>
              <g class="non-terminal">
               <path d="M262 104h0"></path>
               <path d="M354 104h0"></path>
               <rect height="22" width="92" x="262" y="93"></rect>
               <text x="308" y="108">comma-wsp</text>
              </g>
              <path d="M354 104h20"></path>
             </g>
             <path d="M374 104h10"></path>
             <g class="non-terminal">
              <path d="M384 104h0"></path>
              <path d="M516 104h0"></path>
              <rect height="22" width="132" x="384" y="93"></rect>
              <text x="450" y="108">&lt;number-token></text>
             </g>
            </g>
            <path d="M516 104h10"></path>
            <path d="M242 104a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v10a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M242 134h128"></path>
             <path d="M387 134h128"></path>
             <text class="comment" x="379" y="139">4</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M516 134a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-10a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M526 104h20"></path>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M556 104a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v29a10 10 0 0 1 -10 10h-496a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v8a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 181h177"></path>
          <path d="M379 181h177"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M237 181h0"></path>
           <path d="M341 181h0"></path>
           <path d="M237 181a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M257 161h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M321 161a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M237 181h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M257 181h0"></path>
            <path d="M321 181h0"></path>
            <path d="M257 181h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M267 181h0"></path>
             <path d="M311 181h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="267" y="170"></rect>
             <text x="289" y="185">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M311 181h10"></path>
            <path d="M267 181a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M267 201h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M311 201a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M321 181h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M341 181h10"></path>
          <g class="terminal">
           <path d="M351 181h0"></path>
           <path d="M379 181h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" rx="10" ry="10" width="28" x="351" y="170"></rect>
           <text x="365" y="185">)</text>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M556 181h10"></path>
         <path d="M566 181h0"></path>
        </g>
        <path d="M566 181h10"></path>
        <path d="M 576 181 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path>
       </g>
      </svg>
     </div>
    <dt id="svg-transform-function"><a class="self-link" href="#svg-transform-function"></a>transform
    <dd>
<pre>matrix
| translate
| scale
| rotate
| skewX
| skewY
  </pre>
    <dd>
     <div class="railroad">
      <svg class="railroad-diagram" height="212" viewBox="0 0 212 212" width="212">
       <g transform="translate(.5 .5)">
        <path d="M 20 21 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path>
        <g>
         <path d="M40 31h0"></path>
         <path d="M172 31h0"></path>
         <path d="M40 31h20"></path>
         <g class="non-terminal">
          <path d="M60 31h0"></path>
          <path d="M152 31h0"></path>
          <rect height="22" width="92" x="60" y="20"></rect>
          <text x="106" y="35">translate</text>
         </g>
         <path d="M152 31h20"></path>
         <path d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v10a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g class="non-terminal">
          <path d="M60 61h16"></path>
          <path d="M136 61h16"></path>
          <rect height="22" width="60" x="76" y="50"></rect>
          <text x="106" y="65">scale</text>
         </g>
         <path d="M152 61a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-10a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
         <path d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v40a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g class="non-terminal">
          <path d="M60 91h12"></path>
          <path d="M140 91h12"></path>
          <rect height="22" width="68" x="72" y="80"></rect>
          <text x="106" y="95">rotate</text>
         </g>
         <path d="M152 91a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-40a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
         <path d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v70a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g class="non-terminal">
          <path d="M60 121h16"></path>
          <path d="M136 121h16"></path>
          <rect height="22" width="60" x="76" y="110"></rect>
          <text x="106" y="125">skewX</text>
         </g>
         <path d="M152 121a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-70a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
         <path d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v100a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g class="non-terminal">
          <path d="M60 151h16"></path>
          <path d="M136 151h16"></path>
          <rect height="22" width="60" x="76" y="140"></rect>
          <text x="106" y="155">skewY</text>
         </g>
         <path d="M152 151a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-100a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
         <path d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v130a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g class="non-terminal">
          <path d="M60 181h12"></path>
          <path d="M140 181h12"></path>
          <rect height="22" width="68" x="72" y="170"></rect>
          <text x="106" y="185">matrix</text>
         </g>
         <path d="M152 181a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-130a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
        </g>
        <path d="M 172 31 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path>
       </g>
      </svg>
     </div>
    <dt id="svg-transforms"><a class="self-link" href="#svg-transforms"></a>transforms
    <dd>
<pre>transform
| transform wsp* comma-wsp? transforms
  </pre>
    <dd>
     <div class="railroad">
      <svg class="railroad-diagram" height="110" viewBox="0 0 568 110" width="568">
       <g transform="translate(.5 .5)">
        <path d="M 20 21 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path>
        <g>
         <path d="M40 31h0"></path>
         <path d="M528 31h0"></path>
         <path d="M40 31h20"></path>
         <g class="non-terminal">
          <path d="M60 31h178"></path>
          <path d="M330 31h178"></path>
          <rect height="22" width="92" x="238" y="20"></rect>
          <text x="284" y="35">transform</text>
         </g>
         <path d="M508 31h20"></path>
         <path d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v19a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 70h0"></path>
          <path d="M508 70h0"></path>
          <g class="non-terminal">
           <path d="M60 70h0"></path>
           <path d="M152 70h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" width="92" x="60" y="59"></rect>
           <text x="106" y="74">transform</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M152 70h10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M162 70h0"></path>
           <path d="M266 70h0"></path>
           <path d="M162 70a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M182 50h64"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M246 50a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M162 70h20"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M182 70h0"></path>
            <path d="M246 70h0"></path>
            <path d="M182 70h10"></path>
            <g class="non-terminal">
             <path d="M192 70h0"></path>
             <path d="M236 70h0"></path>
             <rect height="22" width="44" x="192" y="59"></rect>
             <text x="214" y="74">wsp</text>
            </g>
            <path d="M236 70h10"></path>
            <path d="M192 70a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
            <g>
             <path d="M192 90h44"></path>
            </g>
            <path d="M236 90a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M246 70h20"></path>
          </g>
          <g>
           <path d="M266 70h0"></path>
           <path d="M398 70h0"></path>
           <path d="M266 70a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
           <g>
            <path d="M286 50h92"></path>
           </g>
           <path d="M378 50a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
           <path d="M266 70h20"></path>
           <g class="non-terminal">
            <path d="M286 70h0"></path>
            <path d="M378 70h0"></path>
            <rect height="22" width="92" x="286" y="59"></rect>
            <text x="332" y="74">comma-wsp</text>
           </g>
           <path d="M378 70h20"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M398 70h10"></path>
          <g class="non-terminal">
           <path d="M408 70h0"></path>
           <path d="M508 70h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" width="100" x="408" y="59"></rect>
           <text x="458" y="74">transforms</text>
          </g>
         </g>
         <path d="M508 70a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-19a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
        </g>
        <path d="M 528 31 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path>
       </g>
      </svg>
     </div>
    <dt id="svg-transform-list"><a class="self-link" href="#svg-transform-list"></a>transform-list
    <dd>
<pre>wsp* transforms? wsp*</pre>
    <dd>
     <div class="railroad">
      <svg class="railroad-diagram" height="80" viewBox="0 0 428 80" width="428">
       <g transform="translate(.5 .5)">
        <path d="M 20 30 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path>
        <g>
         <path d="M40 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M144 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M40 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 20h64"></path>
         </g>
         <path d="M124 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <path d="M40 40h20"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M60 40h0"></path>
          <path d="M124 40h0"></path>
          <path d="M60 40h10"></path>
          <g class="non-terminal">
           <path d="M70 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M114 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" width="44" x="70" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="92" y="44">wsp</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M114 40h10"></path>
          <path d="M70 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M70 60h44"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M114 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
         </g>
         <path d="M124 40h20"></path>
        </g>
        <g>
         <path d="M144 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M284 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M144 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M164 20h100"></path>
         </g>
         <path d="M264 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <path d="M144 40h20"></path>
         <g class="non-terminal">
          <path d="M164 40h0"></path>
          <path d="M264 40h0"></path>
          <rect height="22" width="100" x="164" y="29"></rect>
          <text x="214" y="44">transforms</text>
         </g>
         <path d="M264 40h20"></path>
        </g>
        <g>
         <path d="M284 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M388 40h0"></path>
         <path d="M284 40a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M304 20h64"></path>
         </g>
         <path d="M368 20a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
         <path d="M284 40h20"></path>
         <g>
          <path d="M304 40h0"></path>
          <path d="M368 40h0"></path>
          <path d="M304 40h10"></path>
          <g class="non-terminal">
           <path d="M314 40h0"></path>
           <path d="M358 40h0"></path>
           <rect height="22" width="44" x="314" y="29"></rect>
           <text x="336" y="44">wsp</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M358 40h10"></path>
          <path d="M314 40a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path>
          <g>
           <path d="M314 60h44"></path>
          </g>
          <path d="M358 60a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path>
         </g>
         <path d="M368 40h20"></path>
        </g>
        <path d="M 388 40 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path>
       </g>
      </svg>
     </div>
   </dl>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3" id="svg-transform-functions"><span class="secno">7.3. </span><span class="content">SVG transform functions</span><a class="self-link" href="#svg-transform-functions"></a></h3>
   <p>SVG transform functions of the <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute⑧">transform</a>, <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute④">patternTransform</a></code>, <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute④">gradientTransform</a></code> attributes defined by the syntax above are mapped to CSS <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-function" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-function⑦">&lt;transform-function></a>s as follows:</p>
   <table class="data" id="term-matching">
    <thead>
     <tr>
      <th>SVG transform function 
      <th>CSS <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-function" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-function⑧">&lt;transform-function></a> 
      <th>Additional notes 
    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <th><a href="#svg-translate">translate</a> 
      <td><a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-translate" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-translate①">&lt;translate()></a> 
      <td>Number values interpreted as CSS <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#length-value" id="ref-for-length-value④" title="Expands to: em | vb | ch | cm | vh | vi | in | ex | vw | ic | pt | px | lh | pc | rem | rlh | vmax | advance measure | vmin | mm | cap | q">&lt;length></a> types with <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#px" id="ref-for-px">px</a> units. 
     <tr>
      <th><a href="#svg-scale">scale</a> 
      <td><a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-scale" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-scale①">&lt;scale()></a> 
      <td>
     <tr>
      <th><a href="#svg-rotate">rotate</a> 
      <td><a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-rotate" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-rotate①">&lt;rotate()></a> 
      <td>Only single value version. Number value interpreted as CSS <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#angle-value" id="ref-for-angle-value" title="Expands to: turn | rad | grad | deg">&lt;angle></a> type with <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#deg" id="ref-for-deg">deg</a> unit. 
     <tr>
      <th><a href="#svg-skewX">skewX</a> 
      <td><a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-skewx" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-skewx">&lt;skewX()></a> 
      <td>Number value interpreted as CSS <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#angle-value" id="ref-for-angle-value①" title="Expands to: turn | rad | grad | deg">&lt;angle></a> type with <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#deg" id="ref-for-deg①">deg</a> unit. 
     <tr>
      <th><a href="#svg-skewY">skewY</a> 
      <td><a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-skewy" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-skewy">&lt;skewY()></a> 
      <td>Number value interpreted as CSS <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#angle-value" id="ref-for-angle-value②" title="Expands to: turn | rad | grad | deg">&lt;angle></a> type with <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#deg" id="ref-for-deg②">deg</a> unit. 
     <tr>
      <th><a href="#svg-matrix">matrix</a> 
      <td><a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-matrix" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-matrix②">&lt;matrix()></a> 
      <td>
   </table>
   <p>The SVG transform function <a href="#svg-rotate">rotate</a> with 3 values can not be mapped to a corresponding CSS <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-function" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-function⑨">&lt;transform-function></a>. The 2 optional number values represent a horizontal translation value <span class="css">cx</span> followed by a vertical translation value <span class="css">cy</span>. Both number values get interpreted as CSS <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#length-value" id="ref-for-length-value⑤" title="Expands to: em | vb | ch | cm | vh | vi | in | ex | vw | ic | pt | px | lh | pc | rem | rlh | vmax | advance measure | vmin | mm | cap | q">&lt;length></a> types with <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#px" id="ref-for-px①">px</a> units and define the origin for rotation. The behavior is equivalent to an initial translation by <span class="css">cx</span>, <span class="css">cy</span>, a rotation defined by the first number value interpreted as <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#angle-value" id="ref-for-angle-value③" title="Expands to: turn | rad | grad | deg">&lt;angle></a> type with <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#deg" id="ref-for-deg③">deg</a> unit followed by a translation by <span class="css">-cx</span>, <span class="css">-cy</span>.</p>
   <p>A <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute⑨">transform</a> attribute can be the start or end value of a CSS Transition. If the value of a <span id="ref-for-TransformAttribute①⓪">transform</span> attribute is the start or end value of a CSS Transition and the SVG <a href="#svg-transform-list">transform list</a> contains at least one <a href="#svg-rotate">rotate</a> transform function with 3 values, the individual SVG transform functions must get <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#post-multiplied" id="ref-for-post-multiplied②">post-multiplied</a> and the resulting matrix must get mapped to a <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-matrix" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-matrix③">&lt;matrix()></a> CSS <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-function" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-function①⓪">&lt;transform-function></a> and used as start/end value of the CSS Transition.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.4" id="svg-user-coordinate-space"><span class="secno">7.4. </span><span class="content">User coordinate space</span><a class="self-link" href="#svg-user-coordinate-space"></a></h3>
   <p>For the <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-pattern" id="ref-for-elementdef-pattern①">pattern</a></code> element, the <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute⑤">patternTransform</a></code> attribtue and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform①⑨">transform</a> property define an additional transformation in the pattern coordinate system. See <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternUnitsAttribute" id="ref-for-PatternElementPatternUnitsAttribute①">patternUnits</a></code> attribute for details <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-svg2">[SVG2]</a>.</p>
   <p>For the <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-linearGradient" id="ref-for-elementdef-linearGradient①">linearGradient</a></code> and <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-radialGradient" id="ref-for-elementdef-radialGradient①">radialGradient</a></code> elements, the <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute⑤">gradientTransform</a></code> attribtue and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform②⓪">transform</a> property define an additional transformation in the gradient coordinate system. See <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientUnitsAttribute" id="ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientUnitsAttribute①">gradientUnits</a></code> attribute for details <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-svg2">[SVG2]</a>.</p>
   <p>For the <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://drafts.fxtf.org/css-masking-1/#elementdef-clippath" id="ref-for-elementdef-clippath②">clipPath</a></code> element, the <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute①①">transform</a> attribtue and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform②①">transform</a> property define an additional transformation in the clipping path coordinate space. See <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://drafts.fxtf.org/css-masking-1/#element-attrdef-clippath-clippathunits" id="ref-for-element-attrdef-clippath-clippathunits①">clipPathUnits</a></code> attribute for details <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css-masking">[CSS-MASKING]</a>.</p>
   <p>For all other <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformable-element" id="ref-for-transformable-element④">transformable elements</a> the <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute①②">transform</a> attribute and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform②②">transform</a> property define a transformation in the current user coordinate system of the parent. All percentage values of the <span id="ref-for-TransformAttribute①③">transform</span> attribute are relative to the element’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#reference-box" id="ref-for-reference-box⑧">reference box</a>.</p>
   <div class="example" id="example-bb84e563">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-bb84e563"></a> 
    <p>The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①②">transform-origin</a> property on the pattern in the following example specifies a <span class="css">50%</span> translation of the origin in the horizontal and vertical dimension. The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform②③">transform</a> property specifies a translation as well, but in absolute lengths.</p>
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- f>&lt;svg</c-> <c- e>xmlns=</c-><c- s>"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"</c-><c- f>></c->
  <c- f>&lt;style></c->
  pattern {
    transform: rotate(45deg);
    transform-origin: 50% 50%;
  }
  <c- f>&lt;/style></c->

  <c- f>&lt;defs></c->
  <c- f>&lt;pattern</c-> <c- e>id=</c-><c- s>"pattern-1"</c-><c- f>></c->
    <c- f>&lt;rect</c-> <c- e>id=</c-><c- s>"rect1"</c-> <c- e>width=</c-><c- s>"100"</c-> <c- e>height=</c-><c- s>"100"</c-> <c- e>fill=</c-><c- s>"blue"</c-> <c- f>/></c->
  <c- f>&lt;/pattern></c->
  <c- f>&lt;/defs></c->

  <c- f>&lt;rect</c-> <c- e>width=</c-><c- s>"200"</c-> <c- e>height=</c-><c- s>"200"</c-> <c- e>fill=</c-><c- s>"url(#pattern-1)"</c-> <c- f>/></c->
<c- f>&lt;/svg></c->
</code></pre>
    <p>An SVG <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-pattern" id="ref-for-elementdef-pattern②">pattern</a></code> element doesn’t have a bounding box. The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#reference-box" id="ref-for-reference-box⑨">reference box</a> of the referencing <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/shapes.html#elementdef-rect" id="ref-for-elementdef-rect②">rect</a></code> element is used instead to solve the relative values of the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①③">transform-origin</a> property. Therefore the point of origin will get translated  by 100 pixels temporarily to rotate the user space of the <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-pattern" id="ref-for-elementdef-pattern③">pattern</a></code> elements content.</p>
   </div>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.5" id="transform-attribute-dom"><span class="secno">7.5. </span><span class="content">SVG DOM interface for the <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute①④">transform</a> attribute</span><a class="self-link" href="#transform-attribute-dom"></a></h3>
   <p>The SVG specification defines the "<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-SVG11-20110816/coords.html#InterfaceSVGAnimatedTransformList">SVGAnimatedTransformList</a>" interface in the SVG DOM to provide access to the animated and the base value of the SVG <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute①⑤">transform</a>, <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute⑥">gradientTransform</a></code> and <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute⑥">patternTransform</a></code> attributes. To ensure backwards compatibility, this API must still be supported by user agents.</p>
   <p><code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl">baseVal</a></code> gives the author the possibility to access and modify the values of the SVG <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute①⑥">transform</a>, <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute⑦">patternTransform</a></code>, <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute⑦">gradientTransform</a></code> attributes. To provide the necessary backwards compatibility to the SVG DOM, <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl">baseVal</a></code> must reflect the values of this author style sheet. All modifications to SVG DOM objects of <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl">baseVal</a></code> must affect this author style sheet immediately.</p>
   <p><code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl">animVal</a></code> represents the computed style of the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform②④">transform</a> property. Therefore it includes all applied <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-transitions/">CSS3 Transitions</a>, <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-animations/">CSS3 Animations</a> or SVG Animations if any of those are underway. The computed style and SVG DOM objects of <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl">animVal</a></code> can not be modified.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="8" id="transform-functions"><span class="secno">8. </span><span class="content">The Transform Functions</span><a class="self-link" href="#transform-functions"></a></h2>
   <p>The value of the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform②⑤">transform</a> property is a list of <dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-type="type" data-export id="typedef-transform-function">&lt;transform-function></dfn>.
The set of allowed transform functions is given below.
In the following functions,
a <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#zero-value" id="ref-for-zero-value">&lt;zero></a> behaves the same as <span class="css">0deg</span> ("unitless 0" angles are preserved for legacy compat).
A percentage for horizontal translations is relative to the width of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#reference-box" id="ref-for-reference-box①⓪">reference box</a>.
A percentage for vertical translations is relative to the height of the <span id="ref-for-reference-box①①">reference box</span>.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="8.1" id="two-d-transform-functions"><span class="secno">8.1. </span><span class="content">2D Transform Functions</span><a class="self-link" href="#two-d-transform-functions"></a></h3>
   <dl>
    <dt data-md><span class="prod"><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform" data-dfn-type="function" data-export id="funcdef-transform-matrix">matrix()</dfn> = matrix( <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#number-value" id="ref-for-number-value">&lt;number></a><a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#mult-comma" id="ref-for-mult-comma">#{6}</a> )</span>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>specifies a 2D transformation in the form of a <a href="#MatrixDefined">transformation matrix</a> of the six values a, b, c, d, e, f.</p>
    <dt data-md><span class="prod"><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform" data-dfn-type="function" data-export id="funcdef-transform-translate">translate()</dfn> = translate( <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#typedef-length-percentage" id="ref-for-typedef-length-percentage④">&lt;length-percentage></a> <a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-comma" id="ref-for-comb-comma">,</a> <span class="production" id="ref-for-typedef-length-percentage⑤">&lt;length-percentage></span><a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#mult-opt" id="ref-for-mult-opt②">?</a> )</span>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>specifies a <a href="#TranslateDefined">2D translation</a> by the vector [tx, ty], where tx is the first translation-value parameter and ty is the optional second translation-value parameter. If <em>&lt;ty></em> is not provided, ty has zero as a value.</p>
    <dt data-md><span class="prod"><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform" data-dfn-type="function" data-export id="funcdef-transform-translatex">translateX()</dfn> = translateX( <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#typedef-length-percentage" id="ref-for-typedef-length-percentage⑥">&lt;length-percentage></a> )</span>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>specifies a <a href="#TranslateDefined">translation</a> by the given amount in the X direction.</p>
    <dt data-md><span class="prod"><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform" data-dfn-type="function" data-export id="funcdef-transform-translatey">translateY()</dfn> = translateY( <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#typedef-length-percentage" id="ref-for-typedef-length-percentage⑦">&lt;length-percentage></a> )</span>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>specifies a <a href="#TranslateDefined">translation</a> by the given amount in the Y direction.</p>
    <dt data-md><span class="prod"><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform" data-dfn-type="function" data-export id="funcdef-transform-scale">scale()</dfn> = scale( <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#number-value" id="ref-for-number-value①">&lt;number></a> <a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-comma" id="ref-for-comb-comma①">,</a> <span class="production" id="ref-for-number-value②">&lt;number></span><a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#mult-opt" id="ref-for-mult-opt③">?</a> )</span>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>specifies a <a href="#ScaleDefined">2D scale</a> operation by the [sx,sy] scaling vector described by the 2 parameters. If the second parameter is not provided, it takes a value equal to the first. For example, scale(1, 1) would leave an element unchanged, while scale(2, 2) would cause it to appear twice as long in both the X and Y axes, or four times its typical geometric size.</p>
    <dt data-md><span class="prod"><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform" data-dfn-type="function" data-export id="funcdef-transform-scalex">scaleX()</dfn> = scaleX( <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#number-value" id="ref-for-number-value③">&lt;number></a> )</span>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>specifies a <a href="#ScaleDefined">2D scale</a> operation using the [sx,1] scaling vector, where sx is given as the parameter.</p>
    <dt data-md><span class="prod"><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform" data-dfn-type="function" data-export id="funcdef-transform-scaley">scaleY()</dfn> = scaleY( <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#number-value" id="ref-for-number-value④">&lt;number></a> )</span>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>specifies a <a href="#ScaleDefined">2D scale</a> operation using the [1,sy] scaling vector, where sy is given as the parameter.</p>
    <dt data-md><span class="prod"><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform" data-dfn-type="function" data-export id="funcdef-transform-rotate">rotate()</dfn> = rotate( [ <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#angle-value" id="ref-for-angle-value④" title="Expands to: turn | rad | grad | deg">&lt;angle></a> <a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-one" id="ref-for-comb-one②②">|</a> <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#zero-value" id="ref-for-zero-value①">&lt;zero></a> ] )</span>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>specifies a <a href="#RotateDefined">2D rotation</a> by the angle specified in the parameter about the origin of the element, as defined by the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①④">transform-origin</a> property. For example, <span class="css">rotate(90deg)</span> would cause elements to appear rotated one-quarter of a turn in the clockwise direction.</p>
    <dt data-md><span class="prod"><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform" data-dfn-type="function" data-export id="funcdef-transform-skew">skew()</dfn> = skew( [ <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#angle-value" id="ref-for-angle-value⑤" title="Expands to: turn | rad | grad | deg">&lt;angle></a> <a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-one" id="ref-for-comb-one②③">|</a> <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#zero-value" id="ref-for-zero-value②">&lt;zero></a> ] <a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-comma" id="ref-for-comb-comma②">,</a> [ <span class="production" id="ref-for-angle-value⑥" title="Expands to: turn | rad | grad | deg">&lt;angle></span> <span id="ref-for-comb-one②④">|</span> <span class="production" id="ref-for-zero-value③">&lt;zero></span> ]<a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#mult-opt" id="ref-for-mult-opt④">?</a> )</span>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>specifies a <a href="#SkewDefined">2D skew</a> by [ax,ay] for X and Y. If the second parameter is not provided, it has a zero value.</p>
     <p><strong class="advisement"> <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-transform-skew" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-skew①">skew()</a> exists for compatibility reasons, and should not be used in new content. Use <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-transform-skewx" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-skewx①">skewX()</a> or <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-transform-skewy" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-skewy①">skewY()</a> instead, noting that the behavior of <span class="css" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-skew②">skew()</span> is different from multiplying <span class="css" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-skewx②">skewX()</span> with <span class="css" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-skewy②">skewY()</span>.</strong></p>
    <dt data-md><span class="prod"><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform" data-dfn-type="function" data-export id="funcdef-transform-skewx">skewX()</dfn> = skewX( [ <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#angle-value" id="ref-for-angle-value⑦" title="Expands to: turn | rad | grad | deg">&lt;angle></a> <a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-one" id="ref-for-comb-one②⑤">|</a> <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#zero-value" id="ref-for-zero-value④">&lt;zero></a> ] )</span>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>specifies a <a href="#SkewXDefined">2D skew transformation along the X axis</a> by the given angle.</p>
    <dt data-md><span class="prod"><dfn class="dfn-paneled css" data-dfn-for="transform" data-dfn-type="function" data-export id="funcdef-transform-skewy">skewY()</dfn> = skewY( [ <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#angle-value" id="ref-for-angle-value⑧" title="Expands to: turn | rad | grad | deg">&lt;angle></a> <a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-one" id="ref-for-comb-one②⑥">|</a> <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#zero-value" id="ref-for-zero-value⑤">&lt;zero></a> ] )</span>
    <dd data-md>
     <p>specifies a <a href="#SkewYDefined">2D skew transformation along the Y axis</a> by the given angle.</p>
   </dl>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="8.2" id="transform-primitives"><span class="secno">8.2. </span><span class="content">Transform function primitives and derivatives</span><a class="self-link" href="#transform-primitives"></a></h3>
   <p>Some transform functions can be represented by more generic transform functions. These transform functions are called derived transform functions, and the generic transform functions are called primitive transform functions. Two-dimensional primitives and their derived transform functions are:</p>
   <dl>
    <dt id="translate-primitive"><a class="self-link" href="#translate-primitive"></a><a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-transform-translate" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-translate②">translate()</a> 
    <dd>for <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-translatex" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-translatex①">&lt;translateX()></a>, <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-translatey" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-translatey①">&lt;translateY()></a> and <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-translate" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-translate③">&lt;translate()></a>. 
    <dt id="scale-primitive"><a class="self-link" href="#scale-primitive"></a><a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-transform-scale" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-scale②">scale()</a> 
    <dd>for <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-scalex" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-scalex①">&lt;scaleX()></a>, <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-scaley" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-scaley①">&lt;scaleY()></a> and <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-scale" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-scale③">&lt;scale()></a>. 
   </dl>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="9" id="transform-function-lists"><span class="secno">9. </span><span class="content">The Transform Function Lists</span><a class="self-link" href="#transform-function-lists"></a></h2>
   <p>If a list of <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-function" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-function①①">&lt;transform-function></a>s is provided, then the net effect is as if each transform function had been specified separately in the order provided.</p>
   <p>That is, in the absence of other styling that affects position and dimensions, a nested set of transforms is equivalent to a single list of transform functions, applied from the coordinate system of the ancestor to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#local-coordinate-system" id="ref-for-local-coordinate-system⑤">local coordinate system</a> of a given element. The resulting transform is the matrix multiplication of the list of transforms.</p>
   <div class="example" id="example-5633487a">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-5633487a"></a> For example, 
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>style</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"transform: translate(-10px, -20px) scale(2) rotate(45deg)"</c-><c- p>/></c->
</code></pre>
    <p>is functionally equivalent to:</p>
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>style</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"transform: translate(-10px, -20px)"</c-> <c- e>id</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"root"</c-><c- p>></c->
  <c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>style</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"transform: scale(2)"</c-><c- p>></c->
    <c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>style</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"transform: rotate(45deg)"</c-><c- p>></c->
    <c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
  <c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
<c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
</code></pre>
   </div>
   <p>If a transform function causes the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#current-transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-current-transformation-matrix③">current transformation matrix</a> of an object to be non-invertible, the object and its content do not get displayed.</p>
   <div class="example" id="example-116f6ceb">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-116f6ceb"></a> 
    <p>The object in the following example gets scaled by 0.</p>
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>style</c-><c- p>></c->
<c- p>.</c-><c- nc>box</c-> <c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>transform</c-><c- p>:</c-> scale<c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>);</c->
<c- p>}</c->
<c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>style</c-><c- p>></c->

<c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-> <c- e>class</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- s>"box"</c-><c- p>></c->
  Not visible
<c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
</code></pre>
    <p>The scaling causes a non-invertible CTM for the coordinate space of the div box. Therefore neither the div box, nor the text in it get displayed.</p>
   </div>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="10" id="interpolation-of-transforms"><span class="secno">10. </span><span class="content">Interpolation of Transforms</span><a class="self-link" href="#interpolation-of-transforms"></a></h2>
   <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#interpolation" id="ref-for-interpolation">Interpolation</a> of transform function lists is performed as follows:</p>
   <ul>
    <li id="none-none-interpolation">
     <a class="self-link" href="#none-none-interpolation"></a> If both <var>V<sub>a</sub></var> and <var>V<sub>b</sub></var> are <span class="css">none</span>: 
     <ul>
      <li data-md>
       <p><var>V<sub>result</sub></var> is <span class="css">none</span>.</p>
     </ul>
    <li id="transform-interpolation-length-fixup">
     <a class="self-link" href="#transform-interpolation-length-fixup"></a> Treating <span class="css">none</span> as a list of zero length,
    if <var>V<sub>a</sub></var> or <var>V<sub>b</sub></var> differ in length: 
     <ul>
      <li data-md>
       <p>extend the shorter list to the length of the longer list,
setting the function at each additional position
to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#identity-transform-function" id="ref-for-identity-transform-function">identity transform function</a> matching
the function at the corresponding position in the longer list.
Both transform function lists are then interpolated
following the next rule.</p>
     </ul>
     <div class="example" id="example-fa107865"><a class="self-link" href="#example-fa107865"></a> For example, if <var>V<sub>a</sub></var> is <span class="css">scale(2)</span> and <var>V<sub>b</sub></var> is <span class="css">none</span> then the value <span class="css">scale(1)</span> will be used for <var>V<sub>b</sub></var> and interpolation will proceed using the next rule.
        Similarly, if <var>V<sub>a</sub></var> is <span class="css">scale(1)</span> and <var>V<sub>b</sub></var> is <span class="css">scale(2) rotate(50deg)</span> then the interpolation will be performed as if <var>V<sub>a</sub></var> were <span class="css">scale(1) rotate(0)</span>. </div>
    <li>
      Let <var>V<sub>result</sub></var> be an empty list.
    Beginning at the start of <var>V<sub>a</sub></var> and <var>V<sub>b</sub></var>,
    compare the corresponding functions at each position: 
     <ul>
      <li data-md>
       <p>While the functions have either the same name,
or are derivatives of the same <a href="#transform-primitives">primitive transform function</a>,
interpolate the corresponding pair of functions as described in <a href="#interpolation-of-transform-functions">§ 11 Interpolation of primitives and derived transform functions</a> and append the result to <var>V<sub>result</sub></var>.</p>
      <li data-md>
       <p>If the pair do not have a common name
or <a href="#transform-primitives">primitive transform function</a>,
post-multiply the remaining transform functions in each of <var>V<sub>a</sub></var> and <var>V<sub>b</sub></var> respectively
to produce two 4x4 matrices. <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#interpolation" id="ref-for-interpolation①">Interpolate</a> these two matrices as described in <a href="#matrix-interpolation">§ 12 Interpolation of Matrices</a>,
append the result to <var>V<sub>result</sub></var>,
and cease iterating over <var>V<sub>a</sub></var> and <var>V<sub>b</sub></var>.</p>
     </ul>
     <div class="example" id="example-9843605b">
      <a class="self-link" href="#example-9843605b"></a> For example,
        if <var>V<sub>a</sub></var> is <span class="css">rotate(0deg) scale(1) translate(20px)</span> and <var>V<sub>b</sub></var> is <span class="css">rotate(270deg) translate(10px) scale(2)</span>,
        the <span class="css">rotate(0deg)</span> and <span class="css">rotate(360deg)</span> functions will be interpolated
        according to <a href="#interpolation-of-transform-functions">§ 11 Interpolation of primitives and derived transform functions</a> while the remainder of each list—<wbr><span class="css">scale(1) translate(20px)</span> and <span class="css">translate(10px) scale(2)</span>—<wbr>will first be converted to equivalent 4x4 matrices
        and then interpolated as described in <a href="#matrix-interpolation">§ 12 Interpolation of Matrices</a>. 
      <p>A previous version of this specification
        did not attempt to interpolate matching pairs of transform functions
        unless all functions in the list matched.
        As a result, the two lists in this example would be interpolated
        using matrix interpolation only
        and the <span class="css">rotate(360deg)</span> component of the second list would be lost.</p>
     </div>
   </ul>
   <p>In some cases, an animation might cause a transformation matrix to be singular or non-invertible. For example, an animation in which scale moves from 1 to -1. At the time when the matrix is in such a state, the transformed element is not rendered.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="11" id="interpolation-of-transform-functions"><span class="secno">11. </span><span class="content">Interpolation of primitives and derived transform functions</span><a class="self-link" href="#interpolation-of-transform-functions"></a></h2>
   <p>Two transform functions with the same name and the same number of arguments are interpolated numerically without a former conversion. The calculated value will be of the same transform function type with the same number of arguments. Special rules apply to <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-matrix" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-matrix④">&lt;matrix()></a>.</p>
   <div class="example" id="example-1356eb1f">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-1356eb1f"></a> 
    <p>The two transform functions <span class="css">translate(0)</span> and <span class="css">translate(100px)</span> are of the same type, have the same number of arguments and therefore can get interpolated numerically. <span class="css">translateX(100px)</span> is not of the same type and <span class="css">translate(100px, 0)</span> does not have the same number of arguments, therefore these transform functions can not get interpolated without a former conversion step.</p>
   </div>
   <p>Two different types of transform functions that share the same primitive, or transform functions of the same type with different number of arguments can be interpolated. Both transform functions need a former conversion to the common primitive first and get interpolated numerically afterwards. The computed value will be the primitive with the resulting interpolated arguments.</p>
   <div class="example" id="example-bd3fe5db">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-bd3fe5db"></a> 
    <p>The following example describes a transition from <span class="css">translateX(100px)</span> to <span class="css">translateY(100px)</span> in 3 seconds on hovering over the div box. Both transform functions derive from the same primitive <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-transform-translate" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-translate④">translate()</a> and therefore can be interpolated.</p>
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- f>div </c-><c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>transform</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- nf>translateX</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- m>100</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>);</c->
<c- p>}</c->

<c- f>div:hover </c-><c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>transform</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- nf>translateY</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- m>100</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>);</c->
  <c- k>transition</c-><c- p>:</c-> transform <c- m>3</c-><c- l>s</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</code></pre>
    <p>For the time of the transition both transform functions get transformed to the common primitive. <span class="css">translateX(100px)</span> gets converted to <span class="css">translate(100px, 0)</span> and <span class="css">translateY(100px)</span> gets converted to <span class="css">translate(0, 100px)</span>. Both transform functions can then get interpolated numerically.</p>
   </div>
   <p>If both transform functions share a primitive in the two-dimensional space, both transform functions get converted to the two-dimensional primitive. If one or both transform functions are three-dimensional transform functions, the common three-dimensional primitive is used.</p>
   <div class="example" id="example-24abc2ae">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-24abc2ae"></a> 
    <p>In this example a two-dimensional transform function gets animated to a three-dimensional transform function. The common primitive is <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-transforms-2/#funcdef-translate3d" id="ref-for-funcdef-translate3d">translate3d()</a>.</p>
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- f>div </c-><c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>transform</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- nf>translateX</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- m>100</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>);</c->
<c- p>}</c->

<c- f>div:hover </c-><c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>transform</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- nf>translateZ</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- m>100</c-><c- l>px</c-><c- p>);</c->
  <c- k>transition</c-><c- p>:</c-> transform <c- m>3</c-><c- l>s</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</code></pre>
    <p>First <span class="css">translateX(100px)</span> gets converted to <span class="css">translate3d(100px, 0, 0)</span> and <span class="css">translateZ(100px)</span> to <span class="css">translate3d(0, 0, 100px)</span> respectively. Then both converted transform functions get interpolated numerically.</p>
   </div>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="12" id="matrix-interpolation"><span class="secno">12. </span><span class="content">Interpolation of Matrices</span><a class="self-link" href="#matrix-interpolation"></a></h2>
   <p>When interpolating between two matrices, each matrix is decomposed into the corresponding translation, rotation, scale, skew. Each corresponding component of the decomposed matrices gets interpolated numerically and recomposed back to a matrix in a final step.</p>
   <div class="example" id="example-3a6b960d">
    <a class="self-link" href="#example-3a6b960d"></a> In the following example the element gets translated by 100 pixel in both the X and Y directions and rotated by 1170° on hovering. The initial transformation is 45°. With the usage of transition, an author might expect a animated, clockwise rotation by three and a quarter turns (1170°). 
<pre><code class="highlight"><c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>style</c-><c- p>></c->
<c- f>div</c-> <c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>transform</c-><c- p>:</c-> rotate<c- p>(</c-><c- mi>45</c-><c- b>deg</c-><c- p>);</c->
<c- p>}</c->
<c- f>div</c-><c- p>:</c-><c- nd>hover</c-> <c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>transform</c-><c- p>:</c-> translate<c- p>(</c-><c- mi>100</c-><c- b>px</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>100</c-><c- b>px</c-><c- p>)</c-> rotate<c- p>(</c-><c- mi>1215</c-><c- b>deg</c-><c- p>);</c->
  <c- k>transition</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- k>transform</c-> <c- mi>3</c-><c- b>s</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
<c- p>&lt;/</c-><c- f>style</c-><c- p>></c->

<c- p>&lt;</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>>&lt;/</c-><c- f>div</c-><c- p>></c->
</code></pre>
    <p>The number of transform functions on the source transform <span class="css">rotate(45deg)</span> differs from the number of transform functions on the destination transform <span class="css">translate(100px, 100px) rotate(1125deg)</span>. According to the last rule of <a href="#interpolation-of-transforms">Interpolation of Transforms</a>, both transforms must be interpolated by matrix interpolation. With converting the transformation functions to matrices, the information about the three turns gets lost and the element gets rotated by just a quarter turn (90°).</p>
    <p>To achieve the three and a quarter turns for the example above, source and destination transforms must fulfill the third rule of <a href="#interpolation-of-transforms">Interpolation of Transforms</a>. Source transform could look like <span class="css">translate(0, 0) rotate(45deg)</span> for a linear interpolation of the transform functions.</p>
   </div>
   <p>In the following we differ between the <a href="#interpolation-of-2d-matrices">interpolation of two 2D matrices</a> and the interpolation of two matrices where at least one matrix is not a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#2d-matrix" id="ref-for-2d-matrix">2D matrix</a>.</p>
   <p>If one of the matrices for interpolation is non-invertible, the used animation function must fall-back to a discrete animation according to the rules of the respective animation specification.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="12.1" id="supporting-functions"><span class="secno">12.1. </span><span class="content">Supporting functions</span><a class="self-link" href="#supporting-functions"></a></h3>
   <p>The pseudo code in the next subsections make use of the following supporting functions:</p>
<pre>Supporting functions (point is a 3 component vector, matrix is a 4x4 matrix, vector is a 4 component vector):
  double  determinant(matrix)          returns the 4x4 determinant of the matrix
  matrix  inverse(matrix)              returns the inverse of the passed matrix
  matrix  transpose(matrix)            returns the transpose of the passed matrix
  point   multVecMatrix(point, matrix) multiplies the passed point by the passed matrix
                                       and returns the transformed point
  double  length(point)                returns the length of the passed vector
  point   normalize(point)             normalizes the length of the passed point to 1
  double  dot(point, point)            returns the dot product of the passed points
  double  sqrt(double)                 returns the root square of passed value
  double  max(double y, double x)      returns the bigger value of the two passed values
  double  dot(vector, vector)         returns the dot product of the passed vectors
  vector  multVector(vector, vector)  multiplies the passed vectors
  double  sqrt(double)                returns the root square of passed value
  double  max(double y, double x)     returns the bigger value of the two passed values
  double  min(double y, double x)     returns the smaller value of the two passed values
  double  cos(double)                 returns the cosines of passed value
  double  sin(double)                 returns the sine of passed value
  double  acos(double)                returns the inverse cosine of passed value
  double  abs(double)                  returns the absolute value of the passed value
  double  rad2deg(double)              transforms a value in radian to degree and returns it
  double  deg2rad(double)              transforms a value in degree to radian and returns it

Decomposition also makes use of the following function:
  point combine(point a, point b, double ascl, double bscl)
      result[0] = (ascl * a[0]) + (bscl * b[0])
      result[1] = (ascl * a[1]) + (bscl * b[1])
      result[2] = (ascl * a[2]) + (bscl * b[2])
      return result
</pre>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="12.2" id="interpolation-of-2d-matrices"><span class="secno">12.2. </span><span class="content">Interpolation of 2D matrices</span><a class="self-link" href="#interpolation-of-2d-matrices"></a></h3>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="12.2.1" id="decomposing-a-2d-matrix"><span class="secno">12.2.1. </span><span class="content">Decomposing a 2D matrix</span><a class="self-link" href="#decomposing-a-2d-matrix"></a></h4>
   <p>The pseudo code below is based upon the "unmatrix" method in "Graphics Gems II, edited by Jim Arvo".</p>
   <p>Matrices in the pseudo code use the column-major order. The first index on a matrix entry represents the column and the second index represents the row.</p>
<pre>Input:  matrix      ; a 4x4 matrix
Output: translation ; a 2 component vector
        scale       ; a 2 component vector
        angle       ; rotation
        m11         ; 1,1 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
        m12         ; 1,2 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
        m21         ; 2,1 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
        m22         ; 2,2 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
Returns false if the matrix cannot be decomposed, true if it can


double row0x = matrix[0][0]
double row0y = matrix[0][1]
double row1x = matrix[1][0]
double row1y = matrix[1][1]

translate[0] = matrix[3][0]
translate[1] = matrix[3][1]

scale[0] = sqrt(row0x * row0x + row0y * row0y)
scale[1] = sqrt(row1x * row1x + row1y * row1y)

// If determinant is negative, one axis was flipped.
double determinant = row0x * row1y - row0y * row1x
if (determinant &lt; 0)
    // Flip axis with minimum unit vector dot product.
    if (row0x &lt; row1y)
        scale[0] = -scale[0]
    else
        scale[1] = -scale[1]

// Renormalize matrix to remove scale.
if (scale[0])
    row0x *= 1 / scale[0]
    row0y *= 1 / scale[0]
if (scale[1])
    row1x *= 1 / scale[1]
    row1y *= 1 / scale[1]

// Compute rotation and renormalize matrix.
angle = atan2(row0y, row0x);

if (angle)
    // Rotate(-angle) = [cos(angle), sin(angle), -sin(angle), cos(angle)]
    //                = [row0x, -row0y, row0y, row0x]
    // Thanks to the normalization above.
    double sn = -row0y
    double cs = row0x
    double m11 = row0x
    double m12 = row0y
    double m21 = row1x
    double m22 = row1y
    row0x = cs * m11 + sn * m21
    row0y = cs * m12 + sn * m22
    row1x = -sn * m11 + cs * m21
    row1y = -sn * m12 + cs * m22

m11 = row0x
m12 = row0y
m21 = row1x
m22 = row1y

// Convert into degrees because our rotation functions expect it.
angle = rad2deg(angle)

return true
</pre>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="12.2.2" id="interpolation-of-decomposed-2d-matrix-values"><span class="secno">12.2.2. </span><span class="content"> Interpolation of decomposed 2D matrix values </span><a class="self-link" href="#interpolation-of-decomposed-2d-matrix-values"></a></h4>
   <p>Before two decomposed 2D matrix values can be interpolated, the following</p>
<pre>Input: translationA ; a 2 component vector
       scaleA       ; a 2 component vector
       angleA       ; rotation
       m11A         ; 1,1 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
       m12A         ; 1,2 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
       m21A         ; 2,1 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
       m22A         ; 2,2 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
       translationB ; a 2 component vector
       scaleB       ; a 2 component vector
       angleB       ; rotation
       m11B         ; 1,1 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
       m12B         ; 1,2 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
       m21B         ; 2,1 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
       m22B         ; 2,2 coordinate of 2x2 matrix


// If x-axis of one is flipped, and y-axis of the other,
// convert to an unflipped rotation.
if ((scaleA[0] &lt; 0 &amp;&amp; scaleB[1] &lt; 0) || (scaleA[1] &lt; 0 &amp;&amp; scaleB[0] &lt; 0))
    scaleA[0] = -scaleA[0]
    scaleA[1] = -scaleA[1]
    angleA += angleA &lt; 0 ? 180 : -180

// Don’t rotate the long way around.
if (!angleA)
    angleA = 360
if (!angleB)
    angleB = 360

if (abs(angleA - angleB) > 180)
    if (angleA > angleB)
        angleA -= 360
    else
        angleB -= 360
</pre>
   <p>Afterwards, each component of the decomposed values translation, scale, angle, m11 to m22 of the source matrix get linearly interpolated with each corresponding component of the destination matrix.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="12.2.3" id="recomposing-to-a-2d-matrix"><span class="secno">12.2.3. </span><span class="content">Recomposing to a 2D matrix</span><a class="self-link" href="#recomposing-to-a-2d-matrix"></a></h4>
   <p>After interpolation, the resulting values are used to transform the elements user space. One way to use these values is to recompose them into a 4x4 matrix. This can be done following the pseudo code below.</p>
   <p>Matrices in the pseudo code use the column-major order. The first index on a matrix entry represents the column and the second index represents the row.</p>
<pre>Input:  translation ; a 2 component vector
        scale       ; a 2 component vector
        angle       ; rotation
        m11         ; 1,1 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
        m12         ; 1,2 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
        m21         ; 2,1 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
        m22         ; 2,2 coordinate of 2x2 matrix
Output: matrix      ; a 4x4 matrix initialized to identity matrix


matrix[0][0] = m11
matrix[0][1] = m12
matrix[1][0] = m21
matrix[1][1] = m22

// Translate matrix.
matrix[3][0] = translate[0] * m11 + translate[1] * m21
matrix[3][1] = translate[0] * m12 + translate[1] * m22

// Rotate matrix.
angle = deg2rad(angle);
double cosAngle = cos(angle);
double sinAngle = sin(angle);

// New temporary, identity initialized, 4x4 matrix rotateMatrix
rotateMatrix[0][0] = cosAngle
rotateMatrix[0][1] = sinAngle
rotateMatrix[1][0] = -sinAngle
rotateMatrix[1][1] = cosAngle

matrix = post-multiply(rotateMatrix, matrix)

// Scale matrix.
matrix[0][0] *= scale[0]
matrix[0][1] *= scale[0]
matrix[1][0] *= scale[1]
matrix[1][1] *= scale[1]
</pre>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="13" id="mathematical-description"><span class="secno">13. </span><span class="content">Mathematical Description of Transform Functions</span><a class="self-link" href="#mathematical-description"></a></h2>
   <p>Mathematically, all transform functions can be represented as 4x4 transformation matrices of the following form:</p>
   <p><img alt="\begin{bmatrix} m11 &amp; m21 &amp; m31 &amp; m41 \\ m12 &amp; m22 &amp; m32 &amp; m42 \\ m13 &amp; m23 &amp; m33 &amp; m43 \\ m14 &amp; m24 &amp; m34 &amp; m44 \end{bmatrix}" height="106" src="images/4x4matrix.png" width="222"></p>
   <p>One translation unit on a matrix is equivalent to 1 pixel in the local coordinate system of the element.</p>
   <ul>
    <li id="MatrixDefined">
     <a class="self-link" href="#MatrixDefined"></a> 
     <p> A 2D 3x2 matrix with six parameters <em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em>, <em>d</em>, <em>e</em> and <em>f</em> is equivalent to the matrix: </p>
     <p><img alt="\begin{bmatrix} a &amp; c &amp; 0 &amp; e \\ b &amp; d &amp; 0 &amp; f \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix}" height="106" src="images/matrix.png" width="108"></p>
    <li id="TranslateDefined">
     <a class="self-link" href="#TranslateDefined"></a> 
     <p> A 2D translation with the parameters <em>tx</em> and <em>ty</em> is equivalent to a 3D translation where <em>tz</em> has zero as a value. </p>
     <p><img alt="\begin{bmatrix} 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; tx \\ 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; ty \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; tz \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix}" height="106" src="images/translate3d.png" width="114"></p>
    <li id="ScaleDefined">
     <a class="self-link" href="#ScaleDefined"></a> 
     <p> A 2D scaling with the parameters <em>sx</em> and <em>sy</em> is equivalent to a 3D scale where <em>sz</em> has one as a value. </p>
     <p><img alt="\begin{bmatrix} sx &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; sy &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; sz &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix}" height="106" src="images/scale3d.png" width="137"></p>
    <li id="RotateDefined">
     <a class="self-link" href="#RotateDefined"></a> 
     <p> A 2D rotation with the parameter <em>alpha</em> is
      equivalent to a 3D rotation with the vector [x,y,z] where <em>x</em> has zero as a value, <em>y</em> has zero as a value, <em>z</em> has one as a value, and the parameter <em>alpha</em>. </p>
     <p><img alt="\begin{bmatrix} 1 - 2 \cdot (y^2 + z^2) \cdot sq &amp; 2 \cdot (x \cdot y \cdot sq - z \cdot sc) &amp; 2 \cdot (x \cdot z \cdot sq + y \cdot sc) &amp; 0 \\ 2 \cdot (x \cdot y \cdot sq + z \cdot sc) &amp; 1 - 2 \cdot (x^2 + z^2) \cdot sq &amp; 2 \cdot (y \cdot z \cdot sq - x \cdot sc) &amp; 0 \\ 2 \cdot (x \cdot z \cdot sq - y \cdot sc) &amp; 2 \cdot (y \cdot z \cdot sq + x \cdot sc) &amp; 1 - 2 \cdot (x^2 + y^2) \cdot sq &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix}" height="106" src="images/rotate3dmatrix.png" width="647"></p>
     <p>where:</p>
     <p><img alt="\newline sc = \sin (\alpha/2) \cdot \cos (\alpha/2) \newline sq = \sin^2 (\alpha/2)" height="50" src="images/rotate3dvariables.png" width="221"></p>
    <li id="SkewDefined">
     <a class="self-link" href="#SkewDefined"></a> 
     <p> A 2D skew like transformation with the parameters <em>alpha</em> and <em>beta</em> is equivalent to the matrix: </p>
     <p><img alt="\begin{bmatrix} 1 &amp; \tan(\alpha) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ \tan(\beta) &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix}" height="106" src="images/skew.png" width="205"></p>
    <li id="SkewXDefined">
     <a class="self-link" href="#SkewXDefined"></a> 
     <p> A 2D skew transformation along the X axis with the parameter <em>alpha</em> is equivalent to the matrix: </p>
     <p><img alt="\begin{bmatrix} 1 &amp; \tan(\alpha) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix}" height="106" src="images/skewX.png" width="155"></p>
    <li id="SkewYDefined">
     <a class="self-link" href="#SkewYDefined"></a> 
     <p> A 2D skew transformation along the Y axis with the parameter <em>beta</em> is equivalent to the matrix: </p>
     <p><img alt="\begin{bmatrix} 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ \tan(\beta) &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \end{bmatrix}" height="106" src="images/skewY.png" width="155"></p>
   </ul>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="14" id="priv-sec"><span class="secno">14. </span><span class="content">Privacy and Security Considerations</span><a class="self-link" href="#priv-sec"></a></h2>
    UAs must implement transform operations in a way attackers can not infer information and mount a timing attack. 
   <p>A timing attack is a method of obtaining information about content that is otherwise protected, based on studying the amount of time it takes for an operation to occur.</p>
   <p>At this point there are no information about potential privacy or security concerns specific to this specification.</p>
   <h2 class="no-num heading settled" id="changes"><span class="content">Changes</span><a class="self-link" href="#changes"></a></h2>
   <h3 class="no-num heading settled" id="CR20190214"><span class="content">Since the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2019/CR-css-transforms-1-20190214/">14 February 2019 Candidate Recommendation</a></span><a class="self-link" href="#CR20190214"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Relax syntax of <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute①⑦">transform</a> attribute: Do not require commas between <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-list" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-list④">&lt;transform-list></a> items.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Simplified grammar of transform functions. (No normative impact.)</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Remove animation support of <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform②⑥">transform</a> from <a data-link-type="element" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/animate.html#AnimateElement" id="ref-for-AnimateElement">animate</a> and <a data-link-type="element" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/animate.html#SetElement" id="ref-for-SetElement">set</a> elements.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Editorial changes.</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="no-num heading settled" id="WD20181130"><span class="content">Since the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/WD-css-transforms-1-20181130/">30 November 2018 Working Draft</a></span><a class="self-link" href="#WD20181130"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>No substantive changes</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Boilerplate, styling updates for CR</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="no-num heading settled" id="WD20171130"><span class="content">Since the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-css-transforms-1-20171130/">30 November 2017 Working Draft</a> </span><a class="self-link" href="#WD20171130"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Remove specification text that makes <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute⑧">patternTransform</a>, <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute⑧">gradientTransform</a> presentation attributes representing the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform②⑦">transform</a> property. That is going to get specified by SVG 2 <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-svg2">[SVG2]</a>.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Added <a href="#priv-sec">privacy and security</a> section.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Use <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-svg2">[SVG2]</a> definitions for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformable-element" id="ref-for-transformable-element⑤">transformable elements</a>.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Added special syntax for <a data-link-type="element-attr" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute" id="ref-for-TransformAttribute①⑧">transform</a>, <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute⑨">gradientTransform</a></code> and <code><a data-link-type="element-sub" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute" id="ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute⑨">patternTransform</a></code> attributes.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Clarify multiplication order by using terms <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#post-multiply" id="ref-for-post-multiply">post-multiply</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#pre-multiply" id="ref-for-pre-multiply">pre-multiply</a>.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Clarify index order of matrix entries in pseudo-code.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Clarify multiplication order in recomposition pseudo-code.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Clarify behavior of <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform②⑧">transform</a> on overflow area.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Remove <span class="css">translateX(0)</span>, <span class="css">translateY(0)</span>, <span class="css">scaleX(0)</span>, <span class="css">scaleY(0)</span> from the list of neutral elements.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Remove any reference of 3D transformations of transform function definitions.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Specify interpolation between <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="#typedef-transform-list" id="ref-for-typedef-transform-list⑤">&lt;transform-list></a>s to match lengths and
avoid matrix interpolation for the common prefix of the two lists.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>No <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform②⑨">transform</a> on non-replaced inline boxes, table-column boxes, and table-column-group boxes.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Define target coordinate space for transformations on <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-pattern" id="ref-for-elementdef-pattern④">pattern</a></code>, <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-linearGradient" id="ref-for-elementdef-linearGradient②">linearGradient</a></code>, <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-radialGradient" id="ref-for-elementdef-radialGradient②">radialGradient</a></code> and <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://drafts.fxtf.org/css-masking-1/#elementdef-clippath" id="ref-for-elementdef-clippath③">clipPath</a></code> elements.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Remove 3-value <a class="production css" data-link-type="function" href="#funcdef-transform-rotate" id="ref-for-funcdef-transform-rotate②">&lt;rotate()></a> from transform function primitives.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Be more specific about computation of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-transformation-matrix⑦">transformation matrix</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#current-transformation-matrix" id="ref-for-current-transformation-matrix④">current transformation matrix</a>.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Define reference box for paint servers and <code><a data-link-type="element" href="https://drafts.fxtf.org/css-masking-1/#elementdef-clippath" id="ref-for-elementdef-clippath④">clipPath</a></code> element.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Specify behavior of transform presentation attribute with 3-value-rotate as start or end value of a transition.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Add <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-transform-box-stroke-box" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-box-stroke-box②">stroke-box</a> and <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-transform-box-content-box" id="ref-for-valdef-transform-box-content-box②">content-box</a> to <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-transform-box" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-box②">transform-box</a>. Align box mapping behavior across all specifications.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Editorial changes.</p>
   </ul>
   <h2 class="no-num heading settled" id="acknowledgments"><span class="content">Acknowledgments</span><a class="self-link" href="#acknowledgments"></a></h2>
   <p>The editors would like to thank Robert O’Callahan, Cameron McCormack, Tab Atkins, Gérard Talbot, L. David Baron, Rik Cabanier, Brian Birtles, Benoit Jacob, Ken Shoemake, Alan Gresley, Maciej Stochowiak, Sylvain Galineau, Rafal Pietrak, Shane Stephens, Matt Rakow, XiangHongAi, Fabio M. Costa, Nivesh Rajbhandari, Rebecca Hauck, Gregg Tavares, Graham Clift, Erik Dahlström, Alexander Zolotov, Amelia Bellamy-Royds and Boris Zbarsky for their careful reviews, comments, and corrections.</p>
  </main>
  <h2 class="no-ref no-num heading settled" id="conformance"><span class="content"> Conformance</span><a class="self-link" href="#conformance"></a></h2>
  <h3 class="heading settled" id="document-conventions"><span class="content"> Document conventions</span><a class="self-link" href="#document-conventions"></a></h3>
  <p>Conformance requirements are expressed with a combination of
	descriptive assertions and RFC 2119 terminology. The key words “MUST”,
	“MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”,
	“RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in the normative parts of this
	document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
	However, for readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase
	letters in this specification. </p>
  <p>All of the text of this specification is normative except sections
	explicitly marked as non-normative, examples, and notes. <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-rfc2119">[RFC2119]</a> </p>
  <p>Examples in this specification are introduced with the words “for example”
	or are set apart from the normative text with <code>class="example"</code>,
	like this: </p>
  <div class="example" id="example-ae2b6bc0">
   <a class="self-link" href="#example-ae2b6bc0"></a> 
   <p>This is an example of an informative example. </p>
  </div>
  <p>Informative notes begin with the word “Note” and are set apart from the
	normative text with <code>class="note"</code>, like this: </p>
  <p class="note" role="note">Note, this is an informative note. </p>
  <p>Advisements are normative sections styled to evoke special attention and are
	set apart from other normative text with <code>&lt;strong class="advisement"></code>, like
	this: <strong class="advisement"> UAs MUST provide an accessible alternative. </strong> </p>
  <h3 class="heading settled" id="conform-classes"><span class="content"> Conformance classes</span><a class="self-link" href="#conform-classes"></a></h3>
  <p>Conformance to this specification
	is defined for three conformance classes: </p>
  <dl>
   <dt>style sheet 
   <dd>A <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/conform.html#style-sheet">CSS
			style sheet</a>. 
   <dt>renderer 
   <dd>A <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/conform.html#user-agent">UA</a> that interprets the semantics of a style sheet and renders
			documents that use them. 
   <dt>authoring tool 
   <dd>A <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/conform.html#user-agent">UA</a> that writes a style sheet. 
  </dl>
  <p>A style sheet is conformant to this specification
	if all of its statements that use syntax defined in this module are valid
	according to the generic CSS grammar and the individual grammars of each
	feature defined in this module. </p>
  <p>A renderer is conformant to this specification
	if, in addition to interpreting the style sheet as defined by the
	appropriate specifications, it supports all the features defined
	by this specification by parsing them correctly
	and rendering the document accordingly. However, the inability of a
	UA to correctly render a document due to limitations of the device
	does not make the UA non-conformant. (For example, a UA is not
	required to render color on a monochrome monitor.) </p>
  <p>An authoring tool is conformant to this specification
	if it writes style sheets that are syntactically correct according to the
	generic CSS grammar and the individual grammars of each feature in
	this module, and meet all other conformance requirements of style sheets
	as described in this module. </p>
  <h3 class="heading settled" id="conform-responsible"><span class="content"> Requirements for Responsible Implementation of CSS</span><a class="self-link" href="#conform-responsible"></a></h3>
  <p>The following sections define several conformance requirements
		for implementing CSS responsibly,
		in a way that promotes interoperability in the present and future. </p>
  <h4 class="heading settled" id="conform-partial"><span class="content"> Partial Implementations</span><a class="self-link" href="#conform-partial"></a></h4>
  <p>So that authors can exploit the forward-compatible parsing rules to assign fallback values, <strong>CSS renderers <em>must</em> treat as invalid
		(and <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/conform.html#ignore">ignore as appropriate</a>)
		any at-rules, properties, property values, keywords, and other syntactic constructs
		for which they have no usable level of support</strong>.
		In particular, user agents <em>must not</em> selectively ignore
		unsupported property values and honor supported values in a single multi-value property declaration:
		if any value is considered invalid (as unsupported values must be),
		CSS requires that the entire declaration be ignored. </p>
  <h4 class="heading settled" id="conform-future-proofing"><span class="content"> Implementations of Unstable and Proprietary Features</span><a class="self-link" href="#conform-future-proofing"></a></h4>
  <p>To avoid clashes with future stable CSS features,
		the CSSWG recommends <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/#future-proofing">following best practices</a> for the implementation of <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/#unstable">unstable</a> features and <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/#proprietary-extension">proprietary extensions</a> to CSS. </p>
  <h4 class="heading settled" id="conform-testing"><span class="content"> Implementations of CR-level Features</span><a class="self-link" href="#conform-testing"></a></h4>
  <p>Once a specification reaches the Candidate Recommendation stage,
		implementers should release an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/#vendor-prefix">unprefixed</a> implementation
		of any CR-level feature they can demonstrate
		to be correctly implemented according to spec,
		and should avoid exposing a prefixed variant of that feature. </p>
  <p>To establish and maintain the interoperability of CSS across
		implementations, the CSS Working Group requests that non-experimental
		CSS renderers submit an implementation report (and, if necessary, the
		testcases used for that implementation report) to the W3C before
		releasing an unprefixed implementation of any CSS features. Testcases
		submitted to W3C are subject to review and correction by the CSS
		Working Group. </p>
  <p>
   Further information on submitting testcases and implementation reports
		can be found from on the CSS Working Group’s website at <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Test/">http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Test/</a>.
		Questions should be directed to the <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-css-testsuite">public-css-testsuite@w3.org</a> mailing list. 
<script src="https://www.w3.org/scripts/TR/2016/fixup.js"></script>
  </p>
  <h2 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index"><span class="content">Index</span><a class="self-link" href="#index"></a></h2>
  <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-here"><span class="content">Terms defined by this specification</span><a class="self-link" href="#index-defined-here"></a></h3>
  <ul class="index">
   <li><a href="#2d-matrix">2D matrix</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#valdef-transform-box-border-box">border-box</a><span>, in §6</span>
   <li><a href="#valdef-transform-origin-bottom">bottom</a><span>, in §5</span>
   <li><a href="#valdef-transform-origin-center">center</a><span>, in §5</span>
   <li><a href="#containing-block-for-all-descendants">containing block for all descendants</a><span>, in §3</span>
   <li><a href="#valdef-transform-box-content-box">content-box</a><span>, in §6</span>
   <li><a href="#current-transformation-matrix">current transformation matrix</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#valdef-transform-box-fill-box">fill-box</a><span>, in §6</span>
   <li><a href="#identity-transform-function">identity transform function</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#valdef-transform-origin-left">left</a><span>, in §5</span>
   <li><a href="#local-coordinate-system">local coordinate system</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#funcdef-transform-matrix">matrix()</a><span>, in §8.1</span>
   <li><a href="#multiply">multiply</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#post-multiplied">post-multiplied</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#post-multiply">post-multiply</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#pre-multiplied">pre-multiplied</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#pre-multiply">pre-multiply</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#reference-box">reference box</a><span>, in §6</span>
   <li><a href="#valdef-transform-origin-right">right</a><span>, in §5</span>
   <li><a href="#funcdef-transform-rotate">rotate()</a><span>, in §8.1</span>
   <li><a href="#funcdef-transform-scale">scale()</a><span>, in §8.1</span>
   <li><a href="#funcdef-transform-scalex">scaleX()</a><span>, in §8.1</span>
   <li><a href="#funcdef-transform-scaley">scaleY()</a><span>, in §8.1</span>
   <li><a href="#funcdef-transform-skew">skew()</a><span>, in §8.1</span>
   <li><a href="#funcdef-transform-skewx">skewX()</a><span>, in §8.1</span>
   <li><a href="#funcdef-transform-skewy">skewY()</a><span>, in §8.1</span>
   <li><a href="#valdef-transform-box-stroke-box">stroke-box</a><span>, in §6</span>
   <li><a href="#valdef-transform-origin-top">top</a><span>, in §5</span>
   <li><a href="#propdef-transform">transform</a><span>, in §4</span>
   <li><a href="#transformable-element">transformable element</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#transformation-matrix">transformation matrix</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#propdef-transform-box">transform-box</a><span>, in §6</span>
   <li><a href="#transformed-element">transformed element</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#typedef-transform-function">&lt;transform-function></a><span>, in §8</span>
   <li><a href="#typedef-transform-list">&lt;transform-list></a><span>, in §4</span>
   <li><a href="#propdef-transform-origin">transform-origin</a><span>, in §5</span>
   <li><a href="#funcdef-transform-translate">translate()</a><span>, in §8.1</span>
   <li><a href="#funcdef-transform-translatex">translateX()</a><span>, in §8.1</span>
   <li><a href="#funcdef-transform-translatey">translateY()</a><span>, in §8.1</span>
   <li><a href="#user-coordinate-system">user coordinate system</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#valdef-transform-box-view-box">view-box</a><span>, in §6</span>
  </ul>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-used-value">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade-4/#used-value">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade-4/#used-value</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-used-value">5. The transform-origin Property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-used-value①">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a> <a href="#ref-for-used-value②">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-elementdef-clippath">
   <a href="https://drafts.fxtf.org/css-masking-1/#elementdef-clippath">https://drafts.fxtf.org/css-masking-1/#elementdef-clippath</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-clippath">2. Terminology</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-clippath①">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-clippath②">7.4. User coordinate space</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-clippath③">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a> <a href="#ref-for-elementdef-clippath④">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-element-attrdef-clippath-clippathunits">
   <a href="https://drafts.fxtf.org/css-masking-1/#element-attrdef-clippath-clippathunits">https://drafts.fxtf.org/css-masking-1/#element-attrdef-clippath-clippathunits</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-element-attrdef-clippath-clippathunits">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-element-attrdef-clippath-clippathunits①">7.4. User coordinate space</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-valdef-overflow-auto">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-overflow-3/#valdef-overflow-auto">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-overflow-3/#valdef-overflow-auto</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-overflow-auto">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-propdef-overflow">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-overflow-3/#propdef-overflow">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-overflow-3/#propdef-overflow</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-overflow">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-valdef-overflow-scroll">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-overflow-3/#valdef-overflow-scroll">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-overflow-3/#valdef-overflow-scroll</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-overflow-scroll">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-valdef-z-index-auto">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-position-3/#valdef-z-index-auto">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-position-3/#valdef-z-index-auto</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-z-index-auto">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-stacking-context">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-position-3/#stacking-context">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-position-3/#stacking-context</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-stacking-context">1.1. Module Interactions</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-propdef-z-index">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-position-3/#propdef-z-index">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-position-3/#propdef-z-index</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-z-index">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-z-index①">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-typedef-number-token">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-syntax-3/#typedef-number-token">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-syntax-3/#typedef-number-token</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-number-token">7.2. Syntax of the SVG transform attribute</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-letter">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-syntax-3/#letter">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-syntax-3/#letter</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-letter">7.2. Syntax of the SVG transform attribute</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-funcdef-translate3d">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-transforms-2/#funcdef-translate3d">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-transforms-2/#funcdef-translate3d</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-translate3d">11. Interpolation of primitives and derived transform functions</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-angle-value">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#angle-value">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#angle-value</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-angle-value">7.3. SVG transform functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-angle-value①">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-angle-value②">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-angle-value③">(4)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-angle-value④">8.1. 2D Transform Functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-angle-value⑤">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-angle-value⑥">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-angle-value⑦">(4)</a> <a href="#ref-for-angle-value⑧">(5)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-length-value">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#length-value">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#length-value</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-length-value">5. The transform-origin Property</a> <a href="#ref-for-length-value①">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-length-value②">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-length-value③">(4)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-length-value④">7.3. SVG transform functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-length-value⑤">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-number-value">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#number-value">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#number-value</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-number-value">8.1. 2D Transform Functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-number-value①">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-number-value②">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-number-value③">(4)</a> <a href="#ref-for-number-value④">(5)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-mult-comma">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#mult-comma">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#mult-comma</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-mult-comma">8.1. 2D Transform Functions</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-comb-all">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-all">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-all</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-comb-all">5. The transform-origin Property</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-mult-one-plus">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#mult-one-plus">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#mult-one-plus</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-mult-one-plus">4. The transform Property</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-comb-comma">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-comma">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-comma</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-comb-comma">8.1. 2D Transform Functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-comma①">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-comma②">(3)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-typedef-length-percentage">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#typedef-length-percentage">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#typedef-length-percentage</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-length-percentage">5. The transform-origin Property</a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-length-percentage①">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-length-percentage②">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-length-percentage③">(4)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-length-percentage④">8.1. 2D Transform Functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-length-percentage⑤">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-length-percentage⑥">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-length-percentage⑦">(4)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-zero-value">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#zero-value">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#zero-value</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-zero-value">8. The Transform Functions</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-zero-value①">8.1. 2D Transform Functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-zero-value②">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-zero-value③">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-zero-value④">(4)</a> <a href="#ref-for-zero-value⑤">(5)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-mult-opt">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#mult-opt">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#mult-opt</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-mult-opt">5. The transform-origin Property</a> <a href="#ref-for-mult-opt①">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-mult-opt②">8.1. 2D Transform Functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-mult-opt③">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-mult-opt④">(3)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-funcdef-calc">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#funcdef-calc">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#funcdef-calc</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-calc">4.1. Serialization of &lt;transform-function>s</a> <a href="#ref-for-funcdef-calc①">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-css-wide-keywords">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#css-wide-keywords">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#css-wide-keywords</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-css-wide-keywords">1.2. CSS Values</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-deg">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#deg">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#deg</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-deg">7.3. SVG transform functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-deg①">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-deg②">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-deg③">(4)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-interpolation">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#interpolation">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#interpolation</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-interpolation">10. Interpolation of Transforms</a> <a href="#ref-for-interpolation①">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-interpolation">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#interpolation">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#interpolation</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-interpolation">10. Interpolation of Transforms</a> <a href="#ref-for-interpolation①">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-px">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#px">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#px</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-px">7.3. SVG transform functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-px①">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-comb-one">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-one">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#comb-one</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-comb-one">4. The transform Property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-comb-one①">5. The transform-origin Property</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one②">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one③">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one④">(4)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one⑤">(5)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one⑥">(6)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one⑦">(7)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one⑧">(8)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one⑨">(9)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one①⓪">(10)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one①①">(11)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one①②">(12)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one①③">(13)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one①④">(14)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one①⑤">(15)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one①⑥">(16)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one①⑦">(17)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-comb-one①⑧">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one①⑨">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one②⓪">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one②①">(4)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-comb-one②②">8.1. 2D Transform Functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one②③">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one②④">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one②⑤">(4)</a> <a href="#ref-for-comb-one②⑥">(5)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-propdef-height">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css2/visudet.html#propdef-height">https://drafts.csswg.org/css2/visudet.html#propdef-height</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-height">5. The transform-origin Property</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-propdef-background-attachment">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#propdef-background-attachment">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#propdef-background-attachment</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-background-attachment">1.1. Module Interactions</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-background-attachment①">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-background-attachment②">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-propdef-background-position">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#propdef-background-position">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#propdef-background-position</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-background-position">5. The transform-origin Property</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-valdef-background-attachment-fixed">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#valdef-background-attachment-fixed">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#valdef-background-attachment-fixed</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-background-attachment-fixed">1.1. Module Interactions</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-background-attachment-fixed①">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-valdef-background-attachment-scroll">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#valdef-background-attachment-scroll">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#valdef-background-attachment-scroll</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-background-attachment-scroll">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-resolved-value-special-case-property">
   <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-1/#resolved-value-special-case-property">https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-1/#resolved-value-special-case-property</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-resolved-value-special-case-property">5. The transform-origin Property</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-the-div-element">
   <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-div-element">https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-div-element</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-the-div-element">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a> <a href="#ref-for-the-div-element①">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute">
   <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute">https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute">7.1. SVG presentation attributes</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute①">7.2. Syntax of the SVG transform attribute</a> <a href="#ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute②">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute③">(3)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute④">7.3. SVG transform functions</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute⑤">7.4. User coordinate space</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute⑥">7.5. SVG DOM interface for the transform attribute</a> <a href="#ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute⑦">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute⑧">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a> <a href="#ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute⑨">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-LinearGradientElementGradientUnitsAttribute">
   <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientUnitsAttribute">https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/pservers.html#LinearGradientElementGradientUnitsAttribute</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientUnitsAttribute">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-LinearGradientElementGradientUnitsAttribute①">7.4. User coordinate space</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute">
   <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute">https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute">7.1. SVG presentation attributes</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute①">7.2. Syntax of the SVG transform attribute</a> <a href="#ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute②">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute③">(3)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute④">7.3. SVG transform functions</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute⑤">7.4. User coordinate space</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute⑥">7.5. SVG DOM interface for the transform attribute</a> <a href="#ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute⑦">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute⑧">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a> <a href="#ref-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute⑨">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-PatternElementPatternUnitsAttribute">
   <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternUnitsAttribute">https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/pservers.html#PatternElementPatternUnitsAttribute</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-PatternElementPatternUnitsAttribute">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-PatternElementPatternUnitsAttribute①">7.4. User coordinate space</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-TransformAttribute">
   <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute">https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/coords.html#TransformAttribute</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute">7. The SVG transform Attribute</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute①">7.1. SVG presentation attributes</a> <a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute②">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute③">(3)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute④">7.2. Syntax of the SVG transform attribute</a> <a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute⑤">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute⑥">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute⑦">(4)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute⑧">7.3. SVG transform functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute⑨">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute①⓪">(3)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute①①">7.4. User coordinate space</a> <a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute①②">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute①③">(3)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute①④">7.5. SVG DOM interface for the transform attribute</a> <a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute①⑤">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute①⑥">(3)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute①⑦">Since the 14 February 2019 Candidate Recommendation</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TransformAttribute①⑧">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-AnimateElement">
   <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/animate.html#AnimateElement">https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/animate.html#AnimateElement</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-AnimateElement">Since the 14 February 2019 Candidate Recommendation</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-SetElement">
   <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/animate.html#SetElement">https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/animate.html#SetElement</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-SetElement">Since the 14 February 2019 Candidate Recommendation</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-elementdef-linearGradient">
   <a href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-linearGradient">https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-linearGradient</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-linearGradient">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-linearGradient①">7.4. User coordinate space</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-linearGradient②">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-TermObjectBoundingBox">
   <a href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/coords.html#TermObjectBoundingBox">https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/coords.html#TermObjectBoundingBox</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TermObjectBoundingBox">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-TermPaintServerElement">
   <a href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/painting.html#TermPaintServerElement">https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/painting.html#TermPaintServerElement</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TermPaintServerElement">2. Terminology</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-elementdef-pattern">
   <a href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-pattern">https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-pattern</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-pattern">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-pattern①">7.4. User coordinate space</a> <a href="#ref-for-elementdef-pattern②">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-elementdef-pattern③">(3)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-pattern④">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-TermPresentationAttribute">
   <a href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/styling.html#TermPresentationAttribute">https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/styling.html#TermPresentationAttribute</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TermPresentationAttribute">7.1. SVG presentation attributes</a> <a href="#ref-for-TermPresentationAttribute①">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-TermPresentationAttribute②">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-TermPresentationAttribute③">(4)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-elementdef-radialGradient">
   <a href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-radialGradient">https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/pservers.html#elementdef-radialGradient</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-radialGradient">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-radialGradient①">7.4. User coordinate space</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-radialGradient②">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-elementdef-rect">
   <a href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/shapes.html#elementdef-rect">https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/shapes.html#elementdef-rect</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-rect">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a> <a href="#ref-for-elementdef-rect①">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-elementdef-rect②">7.4. User coordinate space</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-TermRenderableElement">
   <a href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/render.html#TermRenderableElement">https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/render.html#TermRenderableElement</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TermRenderableElement">2. Terminology</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-TermStrokeBoundingBox">
   <a href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/coords.html#TermStrokeBoundingBox">https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/coords.html#TermStrokeBoundingBox</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TermStrokeBoundingBox">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-TermTextContentElement">
   <a href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/text.html#TermTextContentElement">https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/text.html#TermTextContentElement</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TermTextContentElement">2. Terminology</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="term-for-TermViewportCoordinateSystem">
   <a href="https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/coords.html#TermViewportCoordinateSystem">https://svgwg.org/svg2-draft/coords.html#TermViewportCoordinateSystem</a><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TermViewportCoordinateSystem">2. Terminology</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-TermViewportCoordinateSystem①">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a> <a href="#ref-for-TermViewportCoordinateSystem②">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-TermViewportCoordinateSystem③">(3)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-elsewhere"><span class="content">Terms defined by reference</span><a class="self-link" href="#index-defined-elsewhere"></a></h3>
  <ul class="index">
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[css-cascade-4]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-used-value" style="color:initial">used value</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[CSS-MASKING]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-elementdef-clippath" style="color:initial">clippath</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-element-attrdef-clippath-clippathunits" style="color:initial">clippathunits</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[CSS-OVERFLOW-3]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-valdef-overflow-auto" style="color:initial">auto</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-propdef-overflow" style="color:initial">overflow</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-valdef-overflow-scroll" style="color:initial">scroll</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[css-position-3]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-valdef-z-index-auto" style="color:initial">auto</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-stacking-context" style="color:initial">stacking context</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-propdef-z-index" style="color:initial">z-index</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[CSS-SYNTAX-3]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-typedef-number-token" style="color:initial">&lt;number-token></span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-letter" style="color:initial">letter</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[css-transforms-2]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-funcdef-translate3d" style="color:initial">translate3d()</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[CSS-VALUES-3]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-angle-value" style="color:initial">&lt;angle></span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-length-value" style="color:initial">&lt;length></span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-number-value" style="color:initial">&lt;number></span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[css-values-4]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-mult-comma" style="color:initial">#</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-comb-all" style="color:initial">&amp;&amp;</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-mult-one-plus" style="color:initial">+</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-comb-comma" style="color:initial">,</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-typedef-length-percentage" style="color:initial">&lt;length-percentage></span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-zero-value" style="color:initial">&lt;zero></span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-mult-opt" style="color:initial">?</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-funcdef-calc" style="color:initial">calc()</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-css-wide-keywords" style="color:initial">css-wide keywords</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-deg" style="color:initial">deg</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-interpolation" style="color:initial">interpolate</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-interpolation①" style="color:initial">interpolation</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-px" style="color:initial">px</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-comb-one" style="color:initial">|</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[CSS2]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-propdef-height" style="color:initial">height</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[CSS3BG]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-propdef-background-attachment" style="color:initial">background-attachment</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-propdef-background-position" style="color:initial">background-position</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-valdef-background-attachment-fixed" style="color:initial">fixed</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-valdef-background-attachment-scroll" style="color:initial">scroll</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[CSSOM]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-resolved-value-special-case-property" style="color:initial">resolved value special case property</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[HTML]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-the-div-element" style="color:initial">div</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[svg1.1]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-LinearGradientElementGradientTransformAttribute" style="color:initial">gradienttransform</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-LinearGradientElementGradientUnitsAttribute" style="color:initial">gradientunits</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-PatternElementPatternTransformAttribute" style="color:initial">patterntransform</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-PatternElementPatternUnitsAttribute" style="color:initial">patternunits</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-TransformAttribute" style="color:initial">transform</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[SVG11]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-AnimateElement" style="color:initial">animate</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-SetElement" style="color:initial">set</span>
    </ul>
   <li>
    <a data-link-type="biblio">[SVG2]</a> defines the following terms:
    <ul>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-elementdef-linearGradient" style="color:initial">lineargradient</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-TermObjectBoundingBox" style="color:initial">object bounding box</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-TermPaintServerElement" style="color:initial">paint server element</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-elementdef-pattern" style="color:initial">pattern</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-TermPresentationAttribute" style="color:initial">presentation attributes</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-elementdef-radialGradient" style="color:initial">radialgradient</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-elementdef-rect" style="color:initial">rect</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-TermRenderableElement" style="color:initial">renderable element</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-TermStrokeBoundingBox" style="color:initial">stroke bounding box</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-TermTextContentElement" style="color:initial">text content element</span>
     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="term-for-TermViewportCoordinateSystem" style="color:initial">viewport coordinate system</span>
    </ul>
  </ul>
  <h2 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="references"><span class="content">References</span><a class="self-link" href="#references"></a></h2>
  <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="normative"><span class="content">Normative References</span><a class="self-link" href="#normative"></a></h3>
  <dl>
   <dt id="biblio-css-cascade-4">[CSS-CASCADE-4]
   <dd>Elika Etemad; Tab Atkins Jr.. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-cascade-4/">CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 4</a>. 28 August 2018. CR. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-cascade-4/">https://www.w3.org/TR/css-cascade-4/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-css-masking">[CSS-MASKING]
   <dd>Dirk Schulze; Brian Birtles; Tab Atkins Jr.. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-masking-1/">CSS Masking Module Level 1</a>. 26 August 2014. CR. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-masking-1/">https://www.w3.org/TR/css-masking-1/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-css-overflow-3">[CSS-OVERFLOW-3]
   <dd>David Baron; Elika Etemad; Florian Rivoal. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-overflow-3/">CSS Overflow Module Level 3</a>. 31 July 2018. WD. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-overflow-3/">https://www.w3.org/TR/css-overflow-3/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-css-position-3">[CSS-POSITION-3]
   <dd>Rossen Atanassov; Arron Eicholz. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-position-3/">CSS Positioned Layout Module Level 3</a>. 17 May 2016. WD. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-position-3/">https://www.w3.org/TR/css-position-3/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-css-syntax-3">[CSS-SYNTAX-3]
   <dd>Tab Atkins Jr.; Simon Sapin. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/">CSS Syntax Module Level 3</a>. 20 February 2014. CR. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/">https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-css-values-3">[CSS-VALUES-3]
   <dd>Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values-3/">CSS Values and Units Module Level 3</a>. 31 January 2019. CR. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values-3/">https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values-3/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-css-values-4">[CSS-VALUES-4]
   <dd>Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values-4/">CSS Values and Units Module Level 4</a>. 31 January 2019. WD. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values-4/">https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values-4/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-css2">[CSS2]
   <dd>Bert Bos; et al. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/">Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification</a>. 7 June 2011. REC. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/">https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-css3bg">[CSS3BG]
   <dd>Bert Bos; Elika Etemad; Brad Kemper. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-backgrounds-3/">CSS Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 3</a>. 17 October 2017. CR. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-backgrounds-3/">https://www.w3.org/TR/css-backgrounds-3/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-cssom">[CSSOM]
   <dd>Simon Pieters; Glenn Adams. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-1/">CSS Object Model (CSSOM)</a>. 17 March 2016. WD. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-1/">https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-1/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-rfc2119">[RFC2119]
   <dd>S. Bradner. <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119">Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</a>. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119</a>
   <dt id="biblio-svg11">[SVG11]
   <dd>Erik Dahlström; et al. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/">Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1 (Second Edition)</a>. 16 August 2011. REC. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/">https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-svg2">[SVG2]
   <dd>Amelia Bellamy-Royds; et al. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG2/">Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 2</a>. 4 October 2018. CR. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG2/">https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG2/</a>
  </dl>
  <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="informative"><span class="content">Informative References</span><a class="self-link" href="#informative"></a></h3>
  <dl>
   <dt id="biblio-css-transforms-2">[CSS-TRANSFORMS-2]
   <dd>CSS Transforms Module Level 2 URL: <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-transforms-2/">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-transforms-2/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-cssom-view">[CSSOM-VIEW]
   <dd>Simon Pieters. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-view-1/">CSSOM View Module</a>. 17 March 2016. WD. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-view-1/">https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-view-1/</a>
   <dt id="biblio-html">[HTML]
   <dd>Anne van Kesteren; et al. <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/">HTML Standard</a>. Living Standard. URL: <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/">https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/</a>
  </dl>
  <h2 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="property-index"><span class="content">Property Index</span><a class="self-link" href="#property-index"></a></h2>
  <div class="big-element-wrapper">
   <table class="index">
    <thead>
     <tr>
      <th scope="col">Name
      <th scope="col">Value
      <th scope="col">Initial
      <th scope="col">Applies to
      <th scope="col">Inh.
      <th scope="col">%ages
      <th scope="col">Anim­ation type
      <th scope="col">Canonical order
      <th scope="col">Com­puted value
    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <th scope="row"><a class="css" data-link-type="property" href="#propdef-transform" id="ref-for-propdef-transform③⓪">transform</a>
      <td>none | &lt;transform-list>
      <td>none
      <td>transformable elements
      <td>no
      <td>refer to the size of reference box
      <td>transform list, see interpolation rules
      <td>per grammar
      <td>as specified, but with lengths made absolute
     <tr>
      <th scope="row"><a class="css" data-link-type="property" href="#propdef-transform-box" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-box③">transform-box</a>
      <td>content-box | border-box | fill-box | stroke-box | view-box
      <td>view-box
      <td>transformable elements
      <td>no
      <td>N/A
      <td>discrete
      <td>per grammar
      <td>specified keyword
     <tr>
      <th scope="row"><a class="css" data-link-type="property" href="#propdef-transform-origin" id="ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①⑤">transform-origin</a>
      <td>[ left | center | right | top | bottom | &lt;length-percentage> ] |   [ left | center | right | &lt;length-percentage> ]  [ top | center | bottom | &lt;length-percentage> ] &lt;length>? |  [[ center | left | right ] &amp;&amp; [ center | top | bottom ]] &lt;length>?
      <td>50% 50%
      <td>transformable elements
      <td>no
      <td>refer to the size of reference box
      <td>by computed value
      <td>per grammar
      <td>see background-position
   </table>
  </div>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="transformable-element">
   <b><a href="#transformable-element">#transformable-element</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-transformable-element">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-transformable-element①">4. The transform Property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-transformable-element②">5. The transform-origin Property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-transformable-element③">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-transformable-element④">7.4. User coordinate space</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-transformable-element⑤">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="local-coordinate-system">
   <b><a href="#local-coordinate-system">#local-coordinate-system</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-local-coordinate-system">2. Terminology</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-local-coordinate-system①">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a> <a href="#ref-for-local-coordinate-system②">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-local-coordinate-system③">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-local-coordinate-system④">(4)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-local-coordinate-system⑤">9. The Transform Function Lists</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="transformation-matrix">
   <b><a href="#transformation-matrix">#transformation-matrix</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-transformation-matrix">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a> <a href="#ref-for-transformation-matrix①">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-transformation-matrix②">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-transformation-matrix③">(4)</a> <a href="#ref-for-transformation-matrix④">(5)</a> <a href="#ref-for-transformation-matrix⑤">(6)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-transformation-matrix⑥">5. The transform-origin Property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-transformation-matrix⑦">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="current-transformation-matrix">
   <b><a href="#current-transformation-matrix">#current-transformation-matrix</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-current-transformation-matrix">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a> <a href="#ref-for-current-transformation-matrix①">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-current-transformation-matrix②">(3)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-current-transformation-matrix③">9. The Transform Function Lists</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-current-transformation-matrix④">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="2d-matrix">
   <b><a href="#2d-matrix">#2d-matrix</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-2d-matrix">12. Interpolation of Matrices</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="identity-transform-function">
   <b><a href="#identity-transform-function">#identity-transform-function</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-identity-transform-function">10. Interpolation of Transforms</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="post-multiply">
   <b><a href="#post-multiply">#post-multiply</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-post-multiply">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="post-multiplied">
   <b><a href="#post-multiplied">#post-multiplied</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-post-multiplied">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a> <a href="#ref-for-post-multiplied①">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-post-multiplied②">7.3. SVG transform functions</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="pre-multiply">
   <b><a href="#pre-multiply">#pre-multiply</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-pre-multiply">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="pre-multiplied">
   <b><a href="#pre-multiplied">#pre-multiplied</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-pre-multiplied">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="containing-block-for-all-descendants">
   <b><a href="#containing-block-for-all-descendants">#containing-block-for-all-descendants</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-containing-block-for-all-descendants">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="propdef-transform">
   <b><a href="#propdef-transform">#propdef-transform</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform">1. Introduction</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform①">2. Terminology</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform②">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform③">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform④">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform⑤">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform⑥">(4)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform⑦">(5)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform⑧">(6)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform⑨">(7)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform①⓪">4. The transform Property</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform①①">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform①②">5. The transform-origin Property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform①③">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform①④">7.1. SVG presentation attributes</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform①⑤">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform①⑥">(3)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform①⑦">7.2. Syntax of the SVG transform attribute</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform①⑧">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform①⑨">7.4. User coordinate space</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform②⓪">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform②①">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform②②">(4)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform②③">(5)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform②④">7.5. SVG DOM interface for the transform attribute</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform②⑤">8. The Transform Functions</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform②⑥">Since the 14 February 2019 Candidate Recommendation</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform②⑦">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform②⑧">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform②⑨">(3)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="typedef-transform-list">
   <b><a href="#typedef-transform-list">#typedef-transform-list</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-list">4. The transform Property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-list①">4.2. Serialization of the computed value of &lt;transform-list></a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-list②">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-list③">(3)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-list④">Since the 14 February 2019 Candidate Recommendation</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-list⑤">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="propdef-transform-origin">
   <b><a href="#propdef-transform-origin">#propdef-transform-origin</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin">2. Terminology</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin②">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin③">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin④">(4)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin⑤">(5)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin⑥">5. The transform-origin Property</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin⑦">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin⑧">(3)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin⑨">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①⓪">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①①">7.1. SVG presentation attributes</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①②">7.4. User coordinate space</a> <a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①③">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-origin①④">8.1. 2D Transform Functions</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="valdef-transform-origin-center">
   <b><a href="#valdef-transform-origin-center">#valdef-transform-origin-center</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-origin-center">5. The transform-origin Property</a> <a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-origin-center①">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="propdef-transform-box">
   <b><a href="#propdef-transform-box">#propdef-transform-box</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-box">2. Terminology</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-box①">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-propdef-transform-box②">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="reference-box">
   <b><a href="#reference-box">#reference-box</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-reference-box">2. Terminology</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-reference-box①">4. The transform Property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-reference-box②">5. The transform-origin Property</a> <a href="#ref-for-reference-box③">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-reference-box④">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-reference-box⑤">(4)</a> <a href="#ref-for-reference-box⑥">(5)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-reference-box⑦">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-reference-box⑧">7.4. User coordinate space</a> <a href="#ref-for-reference-box⑨">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-reference-box①⓪">8. The Transform Functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-reference-box①①">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="valdef-transform-box-content-box">
   <b><a href="#valdef-transform-box-content-box">#valdef-transform-box-content-box</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-box-content-box">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a> <a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-box-content-box①">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-box-content-box②">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="valdef-transform-box-border-box">
   <b><a href="#valdef-transform-box-border-box">#valdef-transform-box-border-box</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-box-border-box">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a> <a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-box-border-box①">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="valdef-transform-box-fill-box">
   <b><a href="#valdef-transform-box-fill-box">#valdef-transform-box-fill-box</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-box-fill-box">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a> <a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-box-fill-box①">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="valdef-transform-box-stroke-box">
   <b><a href="#valdef-transform-box-stroke-box">#valdef-transform-box-stroke-box</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-box-stroke-box">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a> <a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-box-stroke-box①">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-box-stroke-box②">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="valdef-transform-box-view-box">
   <b><a href="#valdef-transform-box-view-box">#valdef-transform-box-view-box</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-valdef-transform-box-view-box">6. Transform reference box: the transform-box property</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="typedef-transform-function">
   <b><a href="#typedef-transform-function">#typedef-transform-function</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-function">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-function①">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-function②">4. The transform Property</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-function③">4.1. Serialization of &lt;transform-function>s</a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-function④">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-function⑤">4.2. Serialization of the computed value of &lt;transform-list></a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-function⑥">7.2. Syntax of the SVG transform attribute</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-function⑦">7.3. SVG transform functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-function⑧">(2)</a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-function⑨">(3)</a> <a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-function①⓪">(4)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-typedef-transform-function①①">9. The Transform Function Lists</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="funcdef-transform-matrix">
   <b><a href="#funcdef-transform-matrix">#funcdef-transform-matrix</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-matrix">4.2. Serialization of the computed value of &lt;transform-list></a> <a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-matrix①">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-matrix②">7.3. SVG transform functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-matrix③">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-matrix④">11. Interpolation of primitives and derived transform functions</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="funcdef-transform-translate">
   <b><a href="#funcdef-transform-translate">#funcdef-transform-translate</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-translate">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-translate①">7.3. SVG transform functions</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-translate②">8.2. Transform function primitives and derivatives</a> <a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-translate③">(2)</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-translate④">11. Interpolation of primitives and derived transform functions</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="funcdef-transform-translatex">
   <b><a href="#funcdef-transform-translatex">#funcdef-transform-translatex</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-translatex">7.2. Syntax of the SVG transform attribute</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-translatex①">8.2. Transform function primitives and derivatives</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="funcdef-transform-translatey">
   <b><a href="#funcdef-transform-translatey">#funcdef-transform-translatey</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-translatey">7.2. Syntax of the SVG transform attribute</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-translatey①">8.2. Transform function primitives and derivatives</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="funcdef-transform-scale">
   <b><a href="#funcdef-transform-scale">#funcdef-transform-scale</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-scale">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-scale①">7.3. SVG transform functions</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-scale②">8.2. Transform function primitives and derivatives</a> <a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-scale③">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="funcdef-transform-scalex">
   <b><a href="#funcdef-transform-scalex">#funcdef-transform-scalex</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-scalex">7.2. Syntax of the SVG transform attribute</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-scalex①">8.2. Transform function primitives and derivatives</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="funcdef-transform-scaley">
   <b><a href="#funcdef-transform-scaley">#funcdef-transform-scaley</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-scaley">7.2. Syntax of the SVG transform attribute</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-scaley①">8.2. Transform function primitives and derivatives</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="funcdef-transform-rotate">
   <b><a href="#funcdef-transform-rotate">#funcdef-transform-rotate</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-rotate">3. The Transform Rendering Model</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-rotate①">7.3. SVG transform functions</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-rotate②">Since the 30 November 2017 Working Draft </a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="funcdef-transform-skew">
   <b><a href="#funcdef-transform-skew">#funcdef-transform-skew</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-skew">7.2. Syntax of the SVG transform attribute</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-skew①">8.1. 2D Transform Functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-skew②">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="funcdef-transform-skewx">
   <b><a href="#funcdef-transform-skewx">#funcdef-transform-skewx</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-skewx">7.3. SVG transform functions</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-skewx①">8.1. 2D Transform Functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-skewx②">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="funcdef-transform-skewy">
   <b><a href="#funcdef-transform-skewy">#funcdef-transform-skewy</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-skewy">7.3. SVG transform functions</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-skewy①">8.1. 2D Transform Functions</a> <a href="#ref-for-funcdef-transform-skewy②">(2)</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
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            console.log("Couldn't find .dfn-panel[data-for='" + el.id + "']");
        }
    } else if(target == "dfn-panel") {
        // Switch it to "activated" state, which pins it.
        el.classList.add("activated");
        el.style.left = null;
        el.style.top = null;
    }

});
</script>